Introduction
Disease screening is one of the most fundamental instruments of contemporary public health and preventive medicine. A lengthy and illustrious history of screening programs for infectious disease epidemic control and treatment targeting is to be found. Complete blood count and blood type, as well as tests for diabetes and syphilis, are frequently administered to pregnant women. A positive test result may initiate measures that benefit both the mother and the child, and these efforts have been responsible for significant increases in well-being and health. However, the majority of these results are uncommon. This article discusses the screening purpose of hypertension, the concepts that apply to the model, the target population, and the possible target outcome from the screening process.
Recommended screening from united states preventive task force hypertension recommendations.
USPSTF recommends clinic blood pressure screening for anyone 18 and older (OBPM). Before commencing therapy, the USPSTF advises blood pressure measures outside the clinic. Hypertension screening and therapy are cornerstones of CVD prevention. Hypertension causes a significant percentage of stroke, heart disease, heart failure, and disability, particularly in older persons. On one side, screening and treating hypertension reduces middle-aged mortality and CVD (Anker et al., 2018). The USPSTF recommends screening adults above 18 at risk of contracting the diseases. Another group that is recommended for hypertension screening is people living with obesity. A recent report by the USPSTF concluded that ABPM is the most accurate way to detect hypertension in patients. A considerable discrepancy was found between the diagnosis of hypertension in the office and the 12- and 24-hour average blood pressures measured by ABPM, with less than half of patients needing therapy. In 2015, the USPSTF suggested screening persons 18 and older for high blood pressure and getting measures outside of a clinical environment before commencing medication (Yano & Lloyd-Jones, 2021). The USPSTF found no new evidence to modify its recommendation and confirmed it. The revised reaffirmation explains that initial screening should use OBPM, adjusts phrasing to reflect current research, and defines implementation tactics.
Health promotional theory and conceptual model
Health promotion aims to improve and safeguard the public’s health, including individuals, populations, and communities. Health promotion theories provide a road map of how the process is done. This research reveals that OSCD-based teaching improves older women’s medication adherence, weight management, diet, and physical activity. Thus, decreasing hypertension management risks and expenditures. Outpatient nurses with hypertension should use the Orem self-care paradigm. Physicians and nurses may assist older women with hypertension using Orem’s methodology (Fotokian et al., 2021). According to OSCD theory, home-based care for hypertension will be the best solution as this helps reduce congestion in private and public medical facilities.
Screening purpose
Hypertension is one of the common diseases affecting individuals the age of 18 years and above. Early detection and screening will help the affected individual to start treatment early. This procedure’s primary purpose is to prevent heart attacks, strokes, and mortality by screening for excessive blood pressure. The earlier high blood pressure can be diagnosed and treated, the better. Screening for high blood pressure is a practical approach to this. Although studies have shown a limited link between high blood pressure screening and adverse health outcomes like heart attack, there is convincing evidence that screening has an essential benefit. This is because accurate tests and effective treatment are available for high blood pressure screening. The lack of randomized controlled trials makes adequate blood pressure therapy for young persons with a low 10-year risk of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease complex (Hamrahian & Falkner, 2022). Evidence-based guidelines are required for treatment commencement, medication class, and ideal blood pressure level from infancy through early adulthood. By the end of the screening process, the officers in charge intend to have all data of the affected patients and determine the required number of medications.
Hypertension screening location
The learning institutions will do the process to have the best campaign for the screen. Implementing components to promote healthy eating and physical activity, along with investments in health at schools, may reduce overweight, insulin resistance, suffering, and inequality (de Assunção Bezerra et al., 2018). This is where the screening officers will attract more people, including college students. They will have to advertise the process to their fellow students. Adults will also be captured this place as most of them are tutors at the college. Colleges have ample parking and large auditorium rooms that can accommodate many people. Since the target group, according to USPSTF recommendations, the target group will be above 18 years, it will be easy to get this group into the learning institutions. Another best location to set up the hypertension screening process will be at the grocery and shopping centers. Most adults shop at the groceries, and they also have enough parking spaces, which will be convenient to accommodate many people.
Screening process
The participants in the screening process will have to fill out the questionnaire before the process starts. This question will provide the name, age, weight, contact information, and medical history, including any hypertension record. Each screening station will have 20 voluntary nurses, and there will be five stations in each region. This will help to screen as many people as possible. The first step in diagnosing hypertension will be to assess the blood pressure using the OBPM. Manual or automated sphygmomanometers are the most popular means of obtaining a patient’s blood pressure in the office (Yano & Lloyd-Jones, 2021). According to USPSTF reviews of OBPM procedures, most patients will be in a sitting posture after 5 minutes of rest, and medical professionals will be present for the measurement of OBPM at the brachial artery (upper arm) (D’Andria et al., 2021). After the initial blood pressure measurement, the nurse will offer the patient a booklet on high blood pressure and any risk factors. They’ll learn about the optimal diet and exercise for high blood pressure. The nurse will retest the patient’s blood pressure after teaching them. All individuals should be screened for hypertension, although risk factors include age, Black race, family history, excess weight and obesity, lifestyle behaviors, and food (Yano & Lloyd-Jones, 2021). USPSTF recommends yearly hypertension screening for those 40 and older and at high risk (such as Black persons, persons with high-normal blood pressure, or persons who are overweight or obese). Adults 18 to 39 years old with an average blood pressure measurement should be screened less often.
Conclusion
Detecting disease in its early stage is the best solution for better living. If people know their state and stages of their blood sugar level, it will be easy for them to manage. They will have to get educated on how to manage the condition and the type of treatment they need. Managing an infection is cheaper than treating the same disease at its worst stage.
Reference
Anker, D., Santos-Eggimann, B., Santschi, V., del Giovane, C., Wolfson, C., Streit, S., Rodondi, N., & Chiolero, A. (2018). Screening and treatment of hypertension in older adults: less is more? Public Health Reviews, 39(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-018-0101-z
D’Andria, M. F., Rivasi, G., Turrin, G., Tortu’, V., Falzone, D., Giuliani, E., Giordano, A., & Ungar, A. (2021). HYPERCOG COGNITIVE SCREENING IN OLDER ADULTS WITH HYPERTENSION: A PILOT STUDY. Journal of Hypertension, 39(Supplement 1), e20–e21. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000744576.46730.a5
de Assunção Bezerra, M. K., Freese De Carvalho, E., Souza Oliveira, J., Pessoa Cesse, E. N., Cabral De Lira, P. I., Galvão Tenório Cavalcante, J., & Sá Leal, V. (2018). Health promotion initiatives at school related to overweight, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia in adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Recife, Brazil. BMC Public Health, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5121-6
Fotokian, Z., Nasresabetghadam, S., Jahanshahi, M., Nasiri, M., & Hajiahmadi, M. (2021). The effects of Orem’s self-care theory on self-care behaviors among older women with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. Nursing and Midwifery Studies, 10(2), 100. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_9_20
Hamrahian, S. M., & Falkner, B. (2022). Approach to Hypertension in Adolescents and Young Adults. Current Cardiology Reports, 24(2), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-021-01632-x
Yano, Y., & Lloyd-Jones, D. M. (2021). USPSTF Recommendations for Screening for Hypertension in Adults. JAMA Cardiology, 6(8), 869. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.1122
write