Introduction
Throughout history, personality concepts have been designed to describe what makes a person’s character unique. A person’s identity can be defined by feeling, acting, and thinking (Koole, Schlinkert, Maldei, & Baumann, 2019). It has an impact on the individual engages with their surroundings. However, external factors can influence the character, although it is relatively constant. How a person reacts to different events and individuals is determined by their temperament.
The following are the four personality theories:
- Humanistic theory
- psychoanalytic theory
- characteristic perspective
- theory of behaviorism
Character ideologies explore how individuals’ personalities change over time and can be used to research psychological issues. These theories argue whether temperament is a biological trait or the result of a person’s interactions with their environment. Developmentalists investigate the character’s origins, including the traits that define it. These theories prove that people have various characteristics and react to sensory stimuli differently.
Humanistic theory of personality
The Humanistic, cognitive perspective emerged in the 1960s as a challenge to the analytical concerns of both transpersonal and classical conditioning educational, psychological approaches. Humanist psychologists claimed the idea of consciousness “care planning treatment” by drawing heavily on work in the disciplines of subjectivity and religious thought more than a technique-oriented rehabilitation. Individuals were born understanding how to be healthy, as per important humanists such as Carl Rogers and Fredrick Perls, and were instinctively driven to live a healthier lifestyle (Acevedo, 2018). Religious leaders, teachers, parents, and other institutions obstructed these healthy natural urges based on various harmful (dysfunctional) culturally sanctioned convictions or (unfortunately) aggressive intentions. The therapist’s role was to help the victims resist the harmful pressures of leadership and community, and perpetrators and return to living a healthy lifestyle that supports their advancement. Individuals would be able to repair themselves if they stayed given genuine maintenance and provision.
Humanists have a flexible and generally unbiased understanding of healthy growth. The path of progression should be led from the inside (instead of as per the necessities of society) so that every individual can become everything they were created to be, adequately capture their inherent inclinations, and make a distinctive impact on society. A “self-actualized” condition outlines the conceptual apex of self-expression.
Before someone work toward becoming self-actualized, they must first meet several requirements. According to Abraham Maslow’s ” needs hierarchy, ” people must first secure their basic “organic” needs, per Abraham Maslow’s “needs hierarchy,” including adequate shelter, food, and clothing vital to keep them strong and to kick. They are concerned about and try to acquire a sense of adequate safety, belonging (to one or more social groups and relationships), self-respect, and social respect when they have achieved the essentials. Consciousness, or the urge to do whatever you want with your life, is a promoter of conduct that comes only when all other wants have been met.
Humanist psychotherapists devised several strategies to help clients move over anxieties or societal responsibilities and obligations that left them too afraid or too obedient to consider achieving their own innate goals. Humanist therapists developed many ways to assist clients in reuniting with their suppressed or inhibited aspirations and ambitions after noticing that several of these obstacles took the shape of an incarnated necessity. These tactics (such as Perl’s “empty chair” strategy, discussed below) frequently operated on an emotional rather than a cognitive level.
Person-centered approach sounded like a good idea in the 1970s when the liberal “me” generation was at its peak; yet, in the 21st century, when America has become significantly increasingly unprogressive and accommodating, it may appear grotesque. It’s critical to remember that the humanists were not advocating that everyone should do whatever delighted them, like child provocation or persecution. However, they were apprehensive that several individuals out there had struggled to become painters since their families persuaded them to become engineers instead; there were several homosexuals out there who were frightened of being ostracized by family and society if they came out with their clear minds. It was not their concept to foster the creation of monsters or sociopaths but rather to assist individuals in overcoming the harmless and good elements of themselves that otherwise would have been suppressed by society to help people become more genuinely happy. The holistic ideology does inspire pettiness, but not the horrific kind found in sociopaths, but rather a balanced, fully developed kind found in the content, satisfied individual who understands how to define standards and be answerable with actuality to interpret their enlightenment deprived of fretting about what other folks say.
Psychoanalytic theory of personality
Sigmund Freud, a well-known therapist, founded the psychoanalytic personality theory. As per Sigmund Freud, a person’s character is the sum of their natural tendencies and ancestral proclivities. He thought that these two components, upbringing, and environment, worked together to develop a properly developed identity. Temperament is made up of the following aspects, as per Sigmund Freud: emotions that motivate conduct like longing, thirst, and dehydration, imperceptible mental functions that the individual is unaware of, and developmental events, particularly parental support and fostering events. He believed that a person’s first five years of life created their identity (Logo, 1, & 2, 2021). A child’s senses and surroundings impact his personality development throughout these critical years.
Sigmund Freud also supposed that personality constitutes of three elements:
- The identification is in charge of a person’s instinctive desires.
- Self-worth controls the identification and conscience’s desires and retains them in check with authenticity.
- The development of a person’s morals is the accountability of integrity.
As per Sigmund Freud, infants form their individuality via phases that concentrate on diverse body regions. If a child progressed through the steps without occurrence, they would be full-grown in that domain. They may develop an attachment later in life if they do not. If a child does not manage to complete the oral level of evolution, they may eventually develop an eating problem or become a persistent pinky.
The characteristic perspective of personality philosophy
The attribute character hypothesis puts a premium on disposition potentials and less on identity formation. This awareness concentrates on the diagnostic words that designate an individual. As per this viewpoint, expressions like cheerful, aggressive, and furious define a temperament. This character framework emphasizes how variances in traits of character shape their characteristics. The ultimate personality is formed by interacting with several features or explanatory phrases.
The character traits that this theory focuses on are the Big Five Psychological Aspects:
- Flexibility, intellectual discerning, and imagination are all restrained by honesty.
- Thoroughness is measured by the ability to fulfill goals, pay attention to details, and prepare for activities.
- Agreeableness measures how active, chatty, aggressive, and conversant a person is.
- Conscientiousness evaluates an individual’s capability to be confident, identify with, demonstrative, and sympathetic to others.
- Trait anxiety studies how low-spirited, worried, downhearted, unhappy, or dramaturgical an individual is.
Theory of behaviorism
Behaviorism, often called behavioral mindset, is a conceptual framework grounded on the attitude that all deportment is cultured via habituation, which occurs due to interplay. Conservational prompts, conferring to behaviorists, form human activities. Irrespective of internal cognitive states, performance may be examined in a predefined way, as per this mode of philosophy. According to behavioral theory, only observable behavior should be considered because the mind, feelings, and attitude are too instinctive. Behaviorists think everybody, irrespective of biological makeup, character attributes, or interior sentiments, can be educated to accomplish any activity within their natural abilities (Alam & Suhendra, 2019). All that is required is proper conditioning.
Types of behaviorism
There are two primary varieties of behaviorism to describe how behavior is generated.
Behaviorism as a method
Methodological behaviorism holds that we should only study observable behavior in the lab and that psychological conditions and reasoning procedures contribute nonentity to our knowledge of comportment. Watson’s ideas and method are in line with behaviorist methodology.
Radical Behaviorism
Extreme functionalism is founded on the premise that one can understand one’s behavior by looking at one’s past and current circumstances and the motives that exist within them, which can adversely influence behavior. A therapist designed this psychological method.
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a behavioral training method in which an unconditioned stimulus is combined with a natural stimulus. Even when there are no natural sources of stimulus, the neutral stimulus eventually elicits the same response as the natural stimulus. The connected stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, and the acquired behavior becomes the reflexive stimulus throughout three separate periods of classical conditioning.
Conclusion
Phenotypic expression research is a challenging task. Humankind is multifaceted, and every individual possesses a unique mix of abilities, preferences, and learned reactions. Apart from that, every character researcher has a distinct personality that requires them to “bare their soul” to understand themselves and others. Perhaps no individual firm will ever be able to account for all of the diversity of human personality. Because personality is multilayered, all five theories can be combined. A well-known individual displays our fundamental characteristics and is subjected to biological, educational, and racial theories. A personal character depicts our internal self-worth, feelings, aspirations, and experiences and is tackled by humanistic and psychodynamic concepts.
References
Acevedo, A. 1. (2018). A Personalistic Appraisal of Maslow’s Needs Theory of Motivation: From “Humanistic” Psychology to Integral Humanism. Journal of Business Ethics: JBE; 741-763. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/personalistic-appraisal-maslow-s-needs-theory/docview/2018962935/se-2?accountid=151051
Alam, A. F., & Suhendra, S. 2. ( 2019, Feb). The paradox between students’ learning needs and learning strategies of teaching mathematics in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series; 1157. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/paradox-between-students-learning-needs/docview/2565335257/se-2
Koole, S. L., Schlinkert, C. 1., Maldei, T. 2., & Baumann, N. 2. ( 2019, Feb). Becoming who you are: An integrative review of self‐determination theory and personality systems interactions theory. Journal of Personality; 15-36. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/becoming-who-you-are-integrative-review-self/docview/2170018595/se-2
Logo, H.-S. S., 1, O. L., & 2, K. L. (2021). Three Dimensional Approaches to Personality Disorders: a Review on Personality Functioning, Personality Structure, and Personality Organization. Current Psychiatry Reports; 23. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/three-dimensional-approaches-personality/docview/2545818763/se-2
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