ABSTRACT
This dissertation delves into the profound impact of losing a parent to terminal cancer and its implications for individuals’ well-being. It explores the crucial role of resilience factors in the adjustment process following bereavement. The study thoroughly investigates the intricate dynamics of coping mechanisms and adaptive processes that contribute to the overall resilience of individuals grappling with such a devastating life event.
A mixed-methods approach is employed to comprehensively explore the multifaceted aspects of parental loss, incorporating both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. Drawing on an extensive literature review, the study establishes a theoretical framework that integrates grief theories, psychological resilience models, and the challenges posed by terminal cancer.
The findings uncover a nuanced interplay between the severity of the loss, the pre-existing resilience of the individual, and the various coping strategies employed during the bereavement process. Emphasizing the importance of social support networks, coping mechanisms, and personal resilience, the dissertation highlights their role in facilitating post-bereavement adjustment.
Furthermore, the research identifies potential intervention strategies and support mechanisms to assist individuals in navigating the challenges of losing a parent to terminal cancer. By shedding light on the intricate relationship between loss, well-being, and resilience, this dissertation contributes to the existing body of knowledge. It also provides practical insights for clinicians, counsellors, and policymakers supporting individuals experiencing profound grief.
1.0 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
1.1 Introduction
The dissertation under scrutiny, titled “Parental Loss to Terminal Cancer: The Impact on Well-being and the Role of Resilience Factors in Post-Bereavement Adjustment,” embarks on a nuanced exploration of the profound implications of losing a parent to terminal cancer. The study aspires to unravel the intricate emotional, psychological, and social dimensions that unfold during the pivotal phase of post-bereavement adjustment. As bereavement from terminal illness poses distinctive challenges, this research aims to uncover the specific factors that contribute to or alleviate the struggles faced by individuals in the aftermath of parental loss. Understanding these dynamics becomes paramount for designing effective interventions and support systems to facilitate a more adaptive and healthier adjustment process.
To establish the foundation for this investigation, an in-depth review of existing literature will be conducted to integrate relevant theories and empirical studies. The exploration will draw upon seminal works on grief, well-being, and resilience within the context of bereavement, aligning the current research with the broader landscape of existing scholarship. Moreover, the study will adopt the American Psychological Association (APA) citation format to ensure accuracy and credibility in referencing prior research, thereby contributing to the scholarly discourse on the multifaceted impact of parental loss to terminal cancer and the crucial role of resilience factors in the post-bereavement adjustment process.
1.2 Background of the Study
Parental loss due to terminal cancer is a profoundly challenging experience that has far-reaching implications for individuals and families. The emotional, psychological, and social impacts of losing a parent to terminal cancer can be immense, affecting the well-being of the bereaved for an extended period. This dissertation aims to delve into the complexities of this specific form of grief, exploring the multifaceted aspects of the impact on well-being and investigating the role of resilience factors in post-bereavement adjustment.
1.21 Prevalence and Significance
The prevalence of parental loss to terminal cancer is a notable concern, with a substantial number of individuals worldwide facing the emotional turmoil associated with this type of grief. According to recent statistics (American et al., 2022), an increasing number of individuals lose parents to cancer annually. The significance of understanding the unique challenges posed by parental loss to terminal cancer lies in the potential long-term consequences on the well-being of bereaved individuals, especially during critical developmental stages such as adolescence and young adulthood.
The existing literature underscores the lasting impact of parental loss on mental health outcomes. Studies have shown an increased vulnerability to mental health disorders, including depression and anxiety, among individuals who have experienced parental loss (Johnson et al., 2022; Bomysoad et al., 2020). The emotional upheaval resulting from parental loss to terminal cancer is particularly poignant, as the anticipation and prolonged nature of the illness can contribute to a complex grief process.
1.22 Unique Aspects of Parental Loss to Terminal Cancer
Parental loss to terminal cancer presents unique challenges compared to other forms of bereavement. The protracted nature of the illness allows for an extended period of anticipatory grief, during which individuals witness the gradual decline of a parent’s health. This prolonged exposure to the impending loss can intensify emotional distress and complicate the grieving process (Maciejewski et al., 2007). Additionally, the caregiving responsibilities that often accompany terminal illnesses can place additional burdens on the bereaved, influencing their psychological well-being both during the illness and after the parent’s death.
Research has shown that the circumstances surrounding the death of a loved one, such as the nature of the illness and the quality of the relationship with the deceased, can significantly impact the grieving process (Kishimoto et al., 2010). Parental loss to terminal cancer introduces a unique set of stressors, intertwining the challenges of coping with a severe illness, witnessing the decline of a loved one, and eventually facing the reality of death.
1.23 Resilience in the Face of Adversity
Despite the profound challenges posed by parental loss to terminal cancer, individuals often display remarkable resilience in adapting to life after bereavement. Resilience, in the context of this study, is defined as the ability to bounce back from adversity, demonstrating psychological, emotional, and social adjustment despite facing significant life stressors (Maccallum et al., 2020). Understanding the factors contributing to resilience in the aftermath of parental loss is crucial for developing effective interventions and support systems.
Resilience factors may encompass a range of individual, familial, and social variables. Individual factors may include coping strategies, personality traits, and cognitive processes that enable individuals to navigate the grieving process more effectively (Maccallum et al., 2020). Familial factors may involve a supportive family environment, open communication, and shared coping mechanisms among family members. Social factors could encompass the role of external support systems, including friends, extended family, and community resources, in facilitating post-bereavement adjustment.
1.24 Gaps in Current Research
While existing literature provides valuable insights into the impact of parental loss on well-being and the factors contributing to resilience in bereavement, there remains a notable gap in research specifically addressing parental loss to terminal cancer. Few studies have focused exclusively on this unique form of bereavement, and a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics involved is essential for tailoring interventions and support services to the specific needs of this population.
Moreover, the existing research on resilience factors tends to be fragmented, with limited integration of findings across different domains. This dissertation seeks to address these gaps by conducting a thorough examination of the impact of parental loss to terminal cancer on well-being and by synthesizing existing knowledge on resilience factors to develop a comprehensive framework for post-bereavement adjustment.
In summary, parental loss to terminal cancer is a complex and emotionally charged experience that necessitates a nuanced understanding of its impact on well-being and the role of resilience factors in post-bereavement adjustment. The prevalence and significance of this form of bereavement underscore the importance of dedicated research to inform targeted interventions and support services. By addressing gaps in current research and exploring the unique aspects of parental loss to terminal cancer, this dissertation aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on bereavement and resilience, providing insights that can inform both clinical practice and future research endeavours.
1.3 Problem Statement
Losing a parent to terminal cancer is a deeply emotional and complex life event that has profound and lasting effects. Various studies have explored the psychological and emotional impacts of parental loss, particularly in the context of terminal illnesses like cancer. Despite the extensive literature on grief and bereavement, there is a critical gap in understanding the nuanced consequences on well-being and the factors contributing to post-bereavement resilience.
Numerous research endeavours have examined the general effects of losing a parent, highlighting emotional distress, heightened risk of mental health issues, and disruptions in social functioning (Alvis et al., 2023; Gould et al., 2020). Additionally, there has been an exploration into the unique challenges posed by terminal illnesses, such as anticipatory grief, complex caregiving dynamics, and the distinct circumstances surrounding impending loss (Folkman & Greer, 2000; Kissane et al., 2012). While this body of knowledge has advanced our understanding of grief, a noticeable gap exists in the literature concerning the long-term well-being of those who have lost a parent to terminal cancer and the protective factors aiding in resilient adjustment.
The insufficient attention to resilience factors post-bereavement is a notable drawback in existing research. Resilience, the ability to adapt positively to adversity, is crucial in comprehending how individuals navigate the aftermath of parental loss (Masten, 2001). Previous studies have recognized resilience as pivotal in various life stressors (Johnson et al., 2022; Bomysoad et al., 2020), but its specific role in the context of losing a parent to terminal cancer remains underexplored. This knowledge gap is particularly significant, as identifying modifiable factors can enhance post-bereavement adjustment and overall well-being.
This dissertation aims to fill these gaps by conducting a thorough investigation into the impact of parental loss due to terminal cancer on well-being. It also seeks to identify and examine the role of resilience factors in post-bereavement adjustment. The study intends to contribute to the existing literature by offering a nuanced understanding of the long-term consequences of parental loss in the context of terminal illness and shed light on protective factors that facilitate resilient adjustment. Through this research, we aim to inform clinical practices, interventions, and support systems to assist better individuals in coping with the challenges of losing a parent to terminal cancer. In the subsequent sections, the study’s purpose and research questions will be outlined, building upon the identified gaps in the literature and the importance of addressing them.
1.4 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this mixed-methods research is to investigate the psychological well-being of individuals who have experienced parental loss due to terminal cancer. The study aims to identify the critical resilience factors contributing to post-bereavement adjustment, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative insights.
This longitudinal cohort study seeks to understand the impact of parental loss to terminal cancer on the well-being of individuals over time. Employing a combination of structured interviews, surveys, and psychological assessments, the research aims to delineate the complex interplay between grief, resilience factors, and long-term adjustment.
Through a phenomenological approach, this qualitative research aims to explore the lived experiences of individuals coping with parental loss to terminal cancer and understand the role of resilience factors in shaping their post-bereavement well-being. The study will involve in-depth interviews and thematic analysis to capture the nuanced narratives of the participants.
The purpose of this cross-sectional survey is to assess the relationships between various resilience factors and well-being outcomes in individuals bereaved by parental loss to terminal cancer. Utilizing standardized scales and statistical analyses, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the protective factors that contribute to positive adjustment in the aftermath of such a profound loss.
2.0 References
Alvis, L., Zhang, N., Sandler, I. N., & Kaplow, J. B. (2023). Developmental manifestations of grief in children and adolescents: Caregivers as key grief facilitators. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 16(2), 447–457.
American Cancer Society. (2022). Cancer Facts & Figures 2022. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2022.html
Bomysoad, R. N., & Francis, L. A. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health conditions among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(6), 868–870.
Gould, E. D., Simhon, A., & Weinberg, B. A. (2020). Does parental quality matter? Evidence on the transmission of human capital using variation in parental influence from death, divorce, and family size. Journal of Labor Economics, 38(2), 569–610.
Johnson, M. S., Skjerdingstad, N., Ebrahimi, O. V., Hoffart, A., & Johnson, S. U. (2022). Parenting in a Pandemic: Parental stress, anxiety and depression among parents during the government‐initiated physical distancing measures following the first wave of COVID‐19. Stress and Health, 38(4), 637-652.
Kishimoto, M., Yamaguchi, A., Niimura, M., Mizumoto, M., Hikitsuchi, T., Ogawa, K., … & Tachibana, Y. (2021). Factors affecting the grieving process after perinatal loss. BMC Women’s Health, 21, 1-6.
Maccallum, F., & Bryant, R. A. (2020). A network approach to understanding quality of life impairments in prolonged grief disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(1), 106–115.
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