Introduction
International management is a process that involves understanding international economics for the efficient overseeing and control of operations in areas of global presence (Mukherjee et al., 2021. pp.1-44). It involves handling challenges and opportunities that come with conducting business in a diverse environment where, in a global setting, there are different cultures, legal systems, economic environments, and political landscapes. According to Falahat et al. (2020. p.100779), the main aim behind international management is to ensure the optimisation of resources and effective coordination of global operations of a country or an organisation. For a country to grow, it has to deal with global operations and, as such, has to have a plan or a way in which it can manage itself internationally. China is a country that has grown economically over the years with the help of global operations. It also has a diverse culture, and as of December 2022, China’s population stood at 1.4118 billion. China has Mandarin as the official language and diverse ethnicities. Han Chinese make up 91.6%. Religions include No Religion (52.5%), Folk Religion (21.9%), Buddhism (18.2%), Christianity (5.1%), and Islam (1.8%). Cultural dimensions include high Power Distance (80) and Long-Term Orientation (87) (Pier, 2023).
China offers a distinctive case study due to its rise to prominence in the global economy. According to IMF, Measured at market exchange rates, China’s GDP was $18.3 trillion in 2022, 73 per cent of the GDP of the United States and 10 times more than the 7 per cent of the US GDP it registered in 1990 (Prasad, 2023). Its dynamic economic climate, multicultural population, developing legal frameworks, and intricate political structure provide insightful information about the opportunities and difficulties faced by countries and enterprises conducting business internationally (Bruton et al., 2021. pp.1-15). Analysing China’s international management techniques adds to the larger conversation on sustainable and successful international management by providing a greater knowledge of the tactics used in resource optimisation and global operations coordination. This portfolio critically examines major issues in international management with a particular focus on China, utilising the lenses of cross-cultural management, globalisation, ethics, and sustainability. It seeks to provide insights into the trends, processes, and effects of the expansion and development of global business.
Cross-Cultural Management
Cross-cultural management is a field that includes figuring out, deciphering, and adjusting to social contrasts inside associations working worldwide (Boussebaa, 2021. pp.381-398). This idea tends to the difficulties emerging from different labour forces and social varieties in worldwide business settings. Scholars such as Waseem and Hasan (2020. pp.1-10) have emphasised that the dominant viewpoint in cross-cultural management emphasises the crucial role that Cultural Intelligence (CQ) plays in achieving success. They contend that people and associations working in a worldwide setting should develop elevated degrees of CQ to successfully explore the intricacies emerging from different social foundations. This point of view aligns with perceptions in Chinese strategic approaches, where the worth of guanxi (relationship-building) and guanxiwang (relationship organisations) is profoundly instilled. In China, progress in deals frequently depends vigorously on laying out and sustaining connections, accentuating the significance of relational comprehension and powerful correspondence (Dhananja, 2021).
According to Dhananja (2021), guanxi is more than just networking in the Chinese business landscape; it embodies an intricate trap of unique interactions, trust-building, and proportional favours. Understanding and utilising guanxi are viewed as fundamental components of effective cross-cultural management in China (André, 2023. pp. 178-203). This many-sided network stretches to guanxiwang, underscoring the more extensive social organisations that people and associations tap into for expert and individual help. However, scholars like Murphy et al. (2020. pp.204-218) alert against overreliance on CQ, bringing up its restrictions. They contend that an oversimplified utilisation of CQ might distort social contrasts, possibly prompting generalising. In the Chinese setting, this scrutiny gains importance as the diverse ideas of guanxi and face-saving elements may not be completely caught by a regular CQ system. Guanxi’s complexity includes determining suitable corporate communications as well as the modest intricacies of human relationships, trust-building, and the need to maintain “face” in pleasant and professional collaborations. Therefore, while perceiving the worth of CQ in exploring diverse difficulties, especially in China, it is vital to move toward it with a nuanced understanding that values the exceptional complexities of social elements. Successfully overseeing connections, embracing the profundity of guanxi, and exploring face-saving elements require an extensive methodology that goes past a one-size-fits-all use of CQ (Murphy et al., 2020. pp.204-218). Recognising the dynamic and context-specific nature of cultural intelligence in the intricate web of Chinese business practices, this point of view calls for ongoing learning and adaptation.
Hofstede’s cultural dimensions framework plays had a significant impact in moulding how to interpret cross-cultural management, offering bits of knowledge into key aspects, like power distance, individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity-femininity (Escandon-Barbosa et al., 2022. p.5851). When viewing Chinese strategic strategies via this lens, the social component of collectivism emerges as a point of convergence, with an emphasis on group consistency and collective effort in Chinese cultural values. In any event, critics, such as McSweeney (2023), argue that Hofstede’s methodology understates the intricacies of social components. This point of view lines up with the unique idea of Chinese culture, which has encountered fast economic development and global integration. The static idea of social aspects, as proposed by Hofstede, may not completely catch the advancing intricacies inside Chinese society. China’s change from a dominatingly agrarian culture to a worldwide monetary force to be reckoned with has prompted a nuanced interaction of customary qualities and present-day impacts, testing the relevance of Hofstede’s static system (Baginda, 2022). A more context-specific approach becomes essential as China continues to navigate global complexity. Beyond the fixed categories offered by Hofstede, a deeper comprehension of cultural dynamics is required in an ever-evolving society. Embracing the dynamism of Chinese culture is fundamental for a nuanced cognisance of strategic policies, hierarchical ways of behaving, and relational connections in the quickly changing scene of contemporary China.
In the domain of cross-cultural management, the sophisticated correspondence styles in China stick out, especially in the division between high-context and low-context societies. As per Hall’s order, China is generally viewed as a high-context society where verifiable correspondence and non-verbal signals assume a critical part of communication (Yadav, 2021). In Chinese business conditions, understanding the unpredictable idea of “face” is fundamental – keeping up with social nobility and is principal to stay away from humiliation. However, Patel et al.’s critique (2020. p.102003) adds another layer of complexity to this dilemma. They contend against distorting correspondence styles and propose that a mix of high and low-context elements may be more precise. This acknowledges that communication practices in Chinese culture are changing as a result of globalisation, technological advancements, generational shifts, and other factors. Effectually exploring this many-sided scene is critical for diverse correspondence achievement. It requires a decent methodology that recognises the meaning of non-verbal signals and understood messages while likewise perceiving cases where express and direct correspondence may be justified. This powerful comprehension is fundamental for encouraging cooperation, building trust, and exploring the mind-boggling social texture of Chinese business collaborations, exhibiting the significance of flexibility and social awareness in the steadily changing worldwide business scene.
In the recent past, the debate on multifaceted administration has progressively highlighted variety and incorporation, and China’s exceptional methodology mirrors the sophisticated interchange between social extravagance and hierarchical elements. China’s diversity management strategy is shaped by the country’s extensive cultural and regional diversity. Perceiving the capability of different groups to fuel imagination and development, Chinese associations draw on conventional Confucian qualities to direct their practices. Chinese companies strive for a harmonious and cohesive work environment by incorporating Confucian principles such as respect for hierarchy and a strong emphasis on collective goals. Researchers like Chang (2023) advocate for inclusivity in the Chinese setting, lining up with the country’s social accentuation on aggregate congruity.
Notwithstanding, preventative viewpoints, exemplified by researchers like Smith (2023), stress the difficulties inborn in overseeing variety, especially concerning local contrasts and possible contentions. China’s huge geological and social scene represents the requirement for a fragile equilibrium. The board in China demands the creation of an authoritative culture that values and coordinates numerous points of view, as well as investigates and respects the mind-boggling social nuances existent in distinct regions. The challenge lies in cultivating a comprehensive climate that advances cooperation, gaining variety as an essential resource for economic hierarchical outcomes in the Chinese setting.
Globalisation
Globalisation has been a transformative force shaping the landscape of international management for decades. While it presents numerous opportunities, it also poses several challenges, especially when viewed through the lens of individual countries. The extending of economic disparities among countries remains as a focal worry in the talk encompassing globalisation. Hickel et al. (2022. p.102467) contend that the predominant worldwide economic structure sustains disparity, which aligns with the theory of dependency. According to this theory, economically powerful nations exploit the labour and resources of less fortunate nations, strengthening a hierarchical system that encourages dependence. The result is a compounding imbalance inside and among countries, with underestimated economies battling to break liberated from the grasp of reliance.
Notwithstanding, China’s direction presents a convincing counterargument to this view. From the Chinese point of view, globalisation’s transformative potential, when strategically embraced, is demonstrated by its rapid economic growth. China’s economy has grown at an unprecedented rate because of its free-market policies and active participation in global markets (Petry, 2021. pp.605-630). The example of overcoming adversity of China challenges the overarching thought that globalisation basically helps created countries. All things being equal, it exhibits how a decisively determined way to deal with globalisation can move a country, even one generally viewed as less created, to the front of the worldwide monetary stage. Neoliberal business analysts regularly summon China’s financial rise as proof of globalisation’s ability to lift countries out of neediness (Gerstle, 2023). That is what the Chinese model exhibits, and when combined with powerful strategies and a pledge to receptiveness, globalisation can act as an impetus for improvement. China’s incorporation into the global economy has driven its financial development as well as situated the country as a central member in forming global exchange elements.
The discussion encompassing social homogenisation versus the protection of variety with regards to globalisation is a fundamental one, with Vickers (2021. pp. 46-65) noting that the predominance of Western qualities dissolves native societies, prompting a deficiency of social character. Nonetheless, China’s experience gives a convincing counter-story that challenges the idea of social digestion affected by globalisation. Barder (2021) contends that the spread of Western social authority, driven by worldwide financial and media impacts, brings about a normalised worldwide culture that minimises different neighbourhood customs. This interaction, alluded to as social homogenisation, is viewed as a danger to the rich embroidery of native societies around the world. The worry is that as Western goals penetrate different features of life, including media, design, and way of life, one-of-a-kind social articulation might disappear, prompting a worldwide monoculture.
The impact of globalisation on the cultural dynamics of China, a nation with a long and storied cultural history, is noteworthy. As opposed to surrendering to homogenisation, China has exhibited flexibility in safeguarding and advancing its social personality (Imane and Barbosa, 2022. pp.73-89). The worldwide popularity of Chinese cinema and traditional arts demonstrates this resilience. The unique storytelling styles and cultural themes of Chinese films have won international acclaim, demonstrating a nation’s capacity to enrich global cultural diversity. Conventional Chinese expressions, like calligraphy, painting, and performing expressions, have additionally tracked down appreciation on the worldwide stage. The advancement of these social components supports China’s legacy as well as encourages diverse comprehension. China’s outcome in keeping up with its social peculiarity in the midst of worldwide collaborations embodies a sophisticated connection between globalisation and social variety. China’s methodology includes an essential equilibrium, where it effectively draws in with worldwide business sectors while at the same time saving and advancing its social legacy (Svyrydenko and Stovpets, 2020. pp.102-112). The combination of global influences and traditional Chinese articulations demonstrates that globalisation does not guarantee a strong social character but can function with a mosaic of distinct social tales.
The split, the difference of political sway notwithstanding globalisation, addresses a squeezing concern, inciting distrust about the possible disintegration of public independence. Pundits contend that the power elements intrinsic in globalisation, frequently worked with by worldwide establishments like the Worldwide Financial Assets (IMF) and World Bank, can prompt the burden of monetary strategies that may not line up with a country’s particular necessities or needs (Buckley, 2020. pp.1580-1592). This analysis highlights a more extensive discussion about the harmony between worldwide collaboration and the conservation of individual countries’ power. China, a critical player in the worldwide field, has embraced a key and wary way to deal with globalisation, especially in defending its political sway. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is evidence of China’s distinctive strategy for influencing global economic dynamics on its terms. The BRI, a tremendous foundation and financial improvement project spreading over various nations, exhibits China’s work to state impact while keeping away from the inconvenience of outer directs on its homegrown strategies (Schulhof et al., 2022. p.121306).
China’s nuanced approach to international collaboration is consistent with its national interests. While drawing in with worldwide foundations, China tries to explore these joint efforts so that it can shield its political independence (Cai, 2023. p.102553). This essential route includes cautious thought of the agreements connected to peaceful accords, guaranteeing that they align with China’s drawn-out goals and homegrown needs. By decisively putting resources into framework projects and financial advancement drives, China lays out monetary conditions that can, this way, add to its international impact. This exceptional methodology permits China to take part in worldwide administration structures without undermining its principal political independence.
The technological era, an indication of globalisation, extends and widens gaps. The ‘advanced partition’ features differences in admittance to data innovations, possibly supporting existing power irregular characteristics. China’s mechanical ability challenges the story of innovative incongruities exclusively helping progressed countries. With huge progressions in regions like 5G innovation and man-made brainpower, China has situated itself as a worldwide tech pioneer (Khan et al., 2021. p.479). The Belt and Street Drive consolidates innovative foundation projects, introducing an elective story where innovation turns into an instrument for making everything fair and cultivating a worldwide network. The harmony among normalisation and confinement is basic, as shown by fruitful worldwide organisations like Mcdonalds, which designs its menu to take care of Chinese preferences.
Ethics
Ethical challenges with regards to international management are perplexing and complex, frequently established in the dissimilar cultural, social, and economic settings of various nations. The conflict of social qualities represents a basic ethical challenge in international management, requiring a fragile harmony between social relativism and ethical universalism (Robert et al., 2020. pp.1-9). Cultural relativism acknowledges the diversity of moral perspectives across nations and posits that ethical standards are context-dependent and should be relative to one’s culture. Alternately, moral universalism declares that specific moral standards are generally material, rising above social limits.
In the realm of international management, the tension between local social practices and global ethical standards is notably pronounced in China. For instance, guanxi emphasises personal connections, which can clash with Western principles of fair and transparent business dealings. Beyond bribery, another significant clash arises in the realm of environmental regulations (Park, 2023. pp.129-156). China’s historically lax environmental standards may conflict with the stringent global standards advocated by many international organisations, posing ethical dilemmas for businesses operating in both Chinese and global markets. Respecting cultural diversity without compromising overarching ethical standards becomes essential (Shapiro and Stefkovich, 2021. pp. 11-35). Accomplishing this harmony requires a nuanced approach that includes exhaustive multifaceted grasping, moral responsiveness, and a guarantee to maintain generally acknowledged moral standards. Associations should explore these intricacies by cultivating a corporate culture that supports a moral way of behaving while at the same time recognising and adjusting to the social subtleties of the locales wherein they work.
The strain between Confucian qualities, especially the accentuation on hierarchy and loyalty, and worldwide business standards, for example, intellectual property rights and transparency, places China at the focal point of a complex moral discussion. From a social relativist point of view, Yuan et al. (2023. pp.119-133) contend that Western assumptions around individual freedoms and licensed innovation may not align with China’s verifiable setting well established in Confucian standards. Confucianism, with its emphasis on cultural congruity, frequently converts into a collectivist mentality where the interests of the gathering overshadow individual freedoms (Yao et al., 2020. p.223). In this specific circumstance, issues like intellectual property theft may be seen diversely inside China, as the aggregate advantage or advance might be focused on over individual proprietorship. Yao et al. (2020. p.235) also contend that this point of view is rooted in a cultural and historical context that places a high value on economic growth and communal progress.
Notwithstanding, ethical universalists fight that adherence to worldwide standards is essential for building and keeping up with trust in worldwide business connections (Böhm et al., 2022. pp.835-861). Licensed innovation freedoms, straightforwardness, and individual privileges are key mainstays of moral business leadership all around the world. The worldwide society, notably Western nations, typically expects organisations to uphold these norms as part of trustworthy and fair strategic strategies, regardless of socioeconomic base.
These divergent perspectives are illuminated by Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory, particularly through the individualism-collectivism dimension. Individual rights and personal freedoms are prioritised in Western societies, which are characterised by individualism. Interestingly, China’s collectivist nature puts a higher worth on bunch congruity and cultural interests (Taras et al., 2023. p.101386). Additionally, this dimension provides a framework for comprehending the ethical difficulties associated with labour practices. While Western nations might condemn China for the infringement of labourers’ privileges, China might contend that specific work rehearses are considered significant for the financial turn of events and the aggregate great. Exploring this moral scene requires a fragile harmony between regarding social subtleties and maintaining international ethical norms. It requires an approach that recognises social variety while cultivating a common obligation to moral business directly. Finding some harmony is fundamental for China to fabricate trust and cooperation on the worldwide stage while keeping up with its social character and values. As China keeps on assuming a noticeable part in the worldwide business field, settling on something worth agreeing on between social relativism and moral universalism becomes basic for maintainable and commonly valuable worldwide organisations.
The exploitation of labour in low-wage nations is another ethical issue. According to the utilitarian perspective, actions are ethical if they maximise overall happiness. With regard to international management, organisations might take advantage of modest work in non-industrial nations to bring down creation costs, adding to economic development. However, Tseng and Wang (2021. p.8565) contend that this strategy violates workers’ rights and harms their well-being by creating income disparity. China, with its tremendous labour force and lower work costs, has frequently been at the focal point of such discussions. Utilising China’s labour market is seen as contributing to global economic prosperity from a utilitarian perspective. Deontological ethics, on the other hand, would stress the significance of respecting individual rights and assert that exploiting cheap labour is unethical by definition.
To address these difficulties, John Ruggie’s Core Values on Business and Common Freedoms offer a structure stressing the state’s obligation to safeguard basic liberties, the corporate obligation to regard those privileges, and the requirement for compelling cures (Ruggie, 2020). In any case, execution fluctuates worldwide. In China, where the state assumes a critical part in business, the test lies in adjusting state interests with common liberties contemplations. The Chinese government’s accentuation on soundness and financial development, in some cases, eclipses worries about work privileges, putting pressure on public interests and global moral guidelines. The moral test of debasement further represents the disparate points of view on worldwide administration. The Social Relativism contention proposes that practices, for example, gift-giving and guanxi (unique interactions), are profoundly imbued in Chinese business culture. According to this viewpoint, rehearsals that may be viewed as bad in the West are viewed as adequate with regard to building connections and getting agreements. On the other hand, the Universalist perspective contends that any form of corruption undermines trust and fair competition (Villoria, 2023. p.682).
A quantitative assessment of the levels of corruption in various nations is provided by frameworks like Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index (Mungiu‐Pippidi, 2023. pp.1094-1113). China’s situation in this file mirrors the continuous strain between its social practices and worldwide assumptions. While anti-corruption measures have been proposed, experts argue that the implementation requires rigour and is usually used uniquely, reflecting the difficulty in adapting social norms to worldwide principles.
Sustainability
Sustainability has emerged as a critical component of global management, with governments worldwide attempting to strike a delicate balance between economic progress, social prosperity, and environmental conservation (Hariram et al., 2023. p.10682). The perplexing interaction between these aspects presents enormous difficulties for policymakers and researchers as they look for ways of guaranteeing an amicable concurrence of thriving, uniformity, and environmental uprightness on a worldwide scale.
Conciliating economic expansion with environmental preservation is a major obstacle in international management. Backers of a steady-state economy, similar to Herman Daly, highlight the need to decouple economic activity from asset utilisation (Scheel et al., 2020. p.1291). The conventional growth paradigm, which holds that robust economic growth is necessary for raising living standards, is challenged by this point of view. Finding a balance between these differentiating views is critical for cultivating a manageable turn of events. In this context, the Chinese experience stands out as a compelling case study. China’s exceptional economic development over ongoing many years has lifted millions out of destitution, yet it has likewise brought about serious natural debasement. The “Ecological Footprint” structure uncovers that China’s asset utilisation outperforms its environmental limit, raising legitimate worries about the drawn-out sustainability of its development model (Wang et al., 2022. p.299). This highlights the significance of incorporating natural contemplations into financial strategies to guarantee a more maintainable direction.
One more component of sustainability in international management relates to the quest for social prosperity and the test of alleviating income inequality. Researchers, for example, Munch et al. (2021. pp.55-63) advocate for an all-encompassing way to deal with improvement, stressing the extension of an individual’s capacities and opportunities. This stands as opposed to the neoliberal model, which frequently focuses on market-arranged approaches and can worsen pay incongruities. The rising Gini coefficient demonstrates that rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in China have contributed to a widening income gap (Zhao and Liu, 2022. p.13795). To address this issue, inclusive policies that ensure that the population receives the benefits of economic growth in an equitable manner are required.
Global governance and public interests bring further intricacies into the sustainability talk. Researchers like Rayhan and Rayhan (2023) stress the significance of delicate power and global cooperation to address shared difficulties. Realist perspectives, on the other hand, contend that nations are primarily motivated by self-interest and may place an emphasis on their own economic and political goals over those of the global community. China’s rise as a worldwide financial stalwart embodies these pressures. While the country has made progress in sustainable power ventures and environmental responsibilities, it is additionally blamed for chasing after self-intrigued systems that challenge global standards. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China’s aggressive foundation and improvement project, represents these intricacies. It has been criticised for its negative effects on the environment and society in partner nations despite its intention to boost economic growth and global connectivity. This brings up issues about China’s obligation to worldwide sustainability objectives and features the requirement for capable and cooperative global administration rehearsals.
In exploring these difficulties, an all-encompassing methodology is fundamental. Policy frameworks must incorporate economic, social, and environmental considerations in international management. This requires encouraging worldwide participation, recognising the interconnectedness of countries, and advancing comprehensive improvement techniques. Finding unison between financial development and natural preservation, tending to pay disparity, and exploring the intricacies of worldwide administration are basic for making a supportable future for all (Allioui and Mourdi, 2023. p.8015). Eventually, the quest for supportability in global administration requests a coordinated work to fit different interests and guarantee the prosperity of both current and people in the future.
Addressing the challenges
Addressing the challenges of international management, particularly in the context of China, requires a nuanced understanding and strategic approach. Managers can draw upon various theories and frameworks to navigate the complexities inherent. To manage cross-cultural challenges, Oberg’s theory of culture shock can be applied. Understanding the stages of culture shock—honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, and mastery—helps managers anticipate and address the psychological and emotional challenges that employees may face in a new cultural environment (Abdulla, 2020). For instance, when operating in China, where guanxi plays a crucial role, managers can facilitate cultural adaptation programs, emphasising the significance of relationship-building and effective communication. This approach aligns with the 7S strategy analysis, which emphasises soft elements like shared values and skills (Sukdeo et al., 2020. pp.178-193). In this case, fostering a shared understanding of guanxi as a cultural value contributes to effective cross-cultural management.
The structure-people-task system provides a framework to align organisational components for optimal performance (Lane et al., 2014. pp. 229-248). In the context of China’s diverse workforce and regional variations, managers should adapt organisational structures to accommodate cultural nuances. For instance, recognising the hierarchical preferences embedded in Confucian values, managers can create flatter organisational structures that encourage open communication and collaboration, addressing both people and structure aspects.
Bureaucratic theory can be applied to address ethical challenges, especially when dealing with issues like corruption and adherence to global ethical standards. Establishing transparent and accountable processes within the organisation aligns with bureaucratic principles, promoting fair practices (Ohemeng et al., 2020. pp.17-40). For instance, implementing robust anti-corruption measures and incorporating ethical training programs for employees in China can help bridge the gap between cultural practices like guanxi and global ethical standards.
When it comes to globalisation, the 7S strategy analysis is relevant in aligning strategy, structure, systems, skills, style, staff, and shared values to achieve global objectives (Sukdeo et al., 2020. pp.178-193). For China, balancing economic growth with environmental conservation requires a sustainable strategy. Companies can implement environmentally friendly practices, adhering to global sustainability goals. The structure-people-task system is also pertinent, ensuring that the workforce is equipped with the skills necessary for sustainable practices and creating a culture that values environmental responsibility.
Conclusion
In conclusion, exploring the complicated scene of international management requires a complex methodology, as shown through the basic examination of multifaceted cross-cultural management, globalisation, ethics, and sustainability, with a particular spotlight on China. The difficulties and open doors innate in overseeing different societies highlight the significance of socially versatile administration, cultivating multifaceted correspondence, and advancing variety and consideration. China’s involvement with globalisation reflects the two: its triumphs in financial development and difficulties in safeguarding social character and tending to worries about political sway. The moral aspects of worldwide administration uncover the pressure between social relativism and moral universalism, with the requirement for a nuanced approach that regards different qualities while sticking to worldwide standards. Manageability concerns underline the sensitive harmony between financial development, social prosperity, and ecological preservation, asking pioneers to install mindful practices into their systems. As leaders and directors outline their course in this powerful scene, a comprehensive point of view is pivotal. Drives pointed toward tending to difficulties, taking advantage of chances, and cultivating inclusivity, straightforwardness, and maintainability are principal. By embracing these standards, countries similar to China can explore the intricacies of worldwide administration as well as add to a worldwide climate that values variety, moral lead, and capable stewardship of assets. In this interconnected world, key and moral initiative turns into the compass directing nations towards a manageable and agreeable future.
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