Annotated Bibliography
McKenney, J. P., & Houston-Kolnik, J. D. (2021). Higher Education and Police Misconduct: Examining the Relationship Between Educational Attainment and Disciplinary Actions. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 44(3), 469-482. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2020-0219
McKenney and Houston-Kolnik’s article investigates the relationship between higher education and police misconduct. The authors analyzed disciplinary data for police officers in one large department. They found that officers with lower levels of education were more likely to receive disciplinary actions for misconduct than officers with higher levels of education. The article also discusses some of the potential explanations for this relationship, such as differences in critical thinking skills and exposure to diverse perspectives among officers with higher education.
Neyroud, P., & Shearing, C. (2021). Higher Education for Police in the 21st Century: The Case for a New and Distinctive Police Profession. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 15(2), 278-290. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paaa086
Neyroud and Shearing argue for creating a new and distinctive police profession through higher education. The article discusses the changing nature of policing in the 21st century and the complex challenges that police officers face. Higher education can provide police officears with the skills and knowledge to address these challenges effectively. Additionally, the article identifies some potential benefits of higher education for police officers, such as improved critical thinking, decision-making, and communication skills.
Sklansky, D. A. (2021). Education and the Future of Policing. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 111(1), 1-28. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol111/iss1/1
Sklansky’s article discusses the role of education in shaping the future of policing. The author argues that higher education can help police officers navigate the complex and evolving challenges of the profession, such as technological advances, social and political changes, and diverse communities. The article also explores potential barriers to implementing higher education requirements for police officers, such as resistance from police unions and the cost of tuition. Overall, the article suggests that higher education is essential to police reform and should be a priority for policymakers and police departments.
Beach, W. A., & Katz, C. M. (2020). The Relationship Between Education and Training and Use of Force: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 35(2), 93-103.
This article is a comprehensive literature review on the relationship between education and training and the use of force among law enforcement officers. The authors argue that higher education and more comprehensive training may lead to lower use of force. They examine various studies and data sources, including a review of prior research, to identify patterns and potential explanations for the relationship between education, training, and the use of force. A combination of factors, including greater exposure to diverse perspectives, better problem-solving skills, and more extensive ethical training, may explain why officers with more education and training use less force overall.
Burch, A. M. (2021). Education Requirements and Police Officer Performance: Examining Promotions and Use of Force. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 44(2), 221-236.
This study examines the impact of educational requirements on police officer promotions and the use of force. The author analyzes data from a large urban police department to compare officers’ performance with different levels of education. The results suggest that officers with higher levels of education are more likely to be promoted and are less likely to use force. The study provides evidence in support of educational requirements for law enforcement officers, arguing that they can lead to better overall performance and reduce negative interactions with the public.
Engel, R. S., Carlan, P. E., & Tillyer, R. (2020). Law Enforcement Education: Past, Present, and Future. Police Quarterly, 23(1), 3-25.
This article provides a historical overview of law enforcement education in the United States, tracing the evolution of training and educational requirements for law enforcement officers from the early 20th century to the present. The authors argue that education has become increasingly important for law enforcement in recent years as the job demands have become more complex and diverse. They examine different models of law enforcement education, including academic programs, in-service training, and professional development, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. The article concludes by discussing future directions for law enforcement education, including the potential for greater collaboration between law enforcement agencies and academic institutions.
Hernandez, J. A. (2021). An Examination of Higher Education Requirements in Law Enforcement Agencies in the State of Florida. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 44(4), 818-830.
This study examines the prevalence and impact of educational requirements for law enforcement officers in Florida. The author analyzes data from a survey of law enforcement agencies in Florida to assess the level of education required for various positions and the impact of education on officer performance. The results suggest that educational requirements vary widely across agencies and that there needs to be more consensus on the benefits of higher education for law enforcement officers. The study provides important insights into the current state of law enforcement education in Florida and the challenges of implementing educational requirements.
Heydemann, R. (2022). Do Police Need Degrees? Public Administration Review, 82(1), 5-14.
This article critically analyzes the arguments for and against educational requirements for law enforcement officers. The author examines various arguments in favor of educational requirements, including the potential for better performance and reduced use of force, as well as arguments against such requirements, including concerns about cost and access. The article also discusses the potential for
Sutherland, A., & Martin, S. E. (2019). Officer Education and Community Policing. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 13(1), 77-86.
This article examines the impact of officer education on community policing. The authors analyze data from a national survey of police officers and find that officers with higher levels of education are more likely to engage in community policing practices. The article concludes that education can enhance the ability of police officers to work effectively with communities and improve relationships between law enforcement and the public.
Tillyer, R., Engel, R. S., & Carlan, P. E. (2019). Does Education Matter in Law Enforcement? A Review of the Literature. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 30(3), 406-429.
This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the impact of education on law enforcement. The authors analyze the findings of numerous studies on the topic and conclude that education can positively impact various aspects of policing, including job performance, career advancement, and the use of force. The article recommends that police agencies consider implementing education requirements for officers to improve the quality and effectiveness of policing.
Morris, J. (2019). The Relationship Between Education and Promotion for Law Enforcement Officers. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 44(1), 1-20.
This article examines the relationship between education and promotion for law enforcement officers. The author analyzes data from a national survey of police agencies and finds that officers with higher levels of education are more likely to be promoted to higher ranks. The article concludes that education can be an important factor in career advancement for law enforcement officers.
Neiderhiser, J. M. (2019). Police Officer Education and Crime Prevention: An Analysis of FBI Data. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 30(2), 151-167.
This article analyzes FBI data on crime rates and police officer education levels to determine the impact of education on crime prevention. The author finds that higher levels of education among police officers are associated with lower crime rates. The article concludes that education can be an effective tool for reducing crime and improving public safety.
Orrick, E. A. (2019). Education and Policing: Is There a Connection? International Journal of Police Science & Management, 21(1), 5-15.
This article explores the connection between education and policing. The author examines the history of education requirements for law enforcement officers and analyzes the potential benefits and challenges of implementing higher education requirements. The article concludes that education can improve the quality of policing and recommends that police agencies consider implementing education requirements for officers.
Prenzler, T. (2019). Police education and training in Australia: Challenges and opportunities. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 13(3), 232-243.
This article examines the challenges and opportunities of police education and training in Australia. The author analyzes the current state of education requirements for law enforcement officers in Australia and explores ways to improve the quality of police education and training. The article concludes that higher education can improve the effectiveness and professionalism of policing in Australia.
Rappaport, A. (2019). An Examination of the Relationship Between Education and Police Use of Force. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 42(3), 466-481.
This article examines the relationship between education and police use of force. The author analyzes data from a national survey of police agencies and finds that officers with higher levels of education are less likely to use excessive force. The article concludes that education can be an effective tool for reducing police use of force.
Simmers, C. S. (2019). The impact of educational levels on police officers’ attitudes toward using force. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 42(2), 211-223. doi: 10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2018-0136
In this article, Simmers explores the impact of educational levels on police officers’ attitudes toward using force. The survey results showed that higher levels of education were associated with more cautious attitudes towards the use of force and a greater willingness to rely on verbal persuasion and other non-violent methods of conflict resolution. Overall, this article provides valuable insights into the relationship between education and police attitudes toward the use of force and raises important questions about the role of education in shaping policing practices.
Rojek, J., Tillyer, R., & Engel, R. S. (2019). The Effects of Education on Perceptions of Police Legitimacy. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 42(3), 482-495.
This article explores the effects of education on perceptions of police legitimacy. The authors analyze data from a national survey of the general public and find that individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to perceive the police as legitimate. The article concludes that education can improve public trust and confidence in the police.
Rosenbaum, D. P. (2019). Education and Training in Policing: From Craft to Profession. Justice Quarterly, 36(2), 304-330.
This article discusses the shift from policing as a craft to policing as a profession and the role of education and training in this transformation. The author examines the history of police education and training and analyzes the potential benefits and challenges of implementing higher education requirements. The article concludes that education can help professionalize policing and improve its effectiveness.
Hickman, M. J., & Reaves, B. A. (2019). Higher Education and Law Enforcement: Changing Mindsets. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 88(8), 6-11.
This article discusses the benefits of higher education for law enforcement officers and explores ways to encourage more officers to pursue higher education. The authors argue that education can help shift the mindset of law enforcement officers towards a more community-oriented and problem-solving approach to policing. This makes this article reliable for diving deep into the research project.
Levrero, L. J., & Archbold, C. A. (2019). The benefits of education in law enforcement: A review of the empirical literature. Police Practice and Research, 20(1), 40-54.
This article provides a comprehensive review of the empirical literature on the benefits of education for law enforcement officers. The authors examine the impact of education on various aspects of policing, including job performance, use of force, and community relations. The article concludes that higher education can positively impact policing and recommends that police agencies consider implementing education requirements for officers.
Alpert, G. P., & Dunham, R. G. (2020). Unpacking the impact of police education and training. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 31(4), 587-603. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2020.1746477
Alpert and Dunham’s article examines the impact of education and training on police officers’ job performance. The authors reviewed a variety of studies on this topic. They found that education and training can positively affect police officers’ decision-making, use of force, and community relations. They argue that providing police officers with more education and training is crucial for improving police practices and building public trust. Additionally, the article identifies some barriers to implementing higher education requirements for police officers, such as resistance from police unions and the cost of tuition.
More, H. W. (2019). Education and training requirements for law enforcement officers: A national survey. Police Quarterly, 22(1), 3-25.
This article presents the results of a national survey on education and training requirements for law enforcement officers. The author examines the current state of education requirements across police agencies and explores the potential benefits and challenges of implementing higher education requirements. The article concludes that higher education can improve the quality of policing and recommends that police agencies consider implementing education requirements for officers.
Alpert, G. P., & Smith, M. R. (2019). The Future of Policing: Current Trends and Innovations. In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (Vol. 48, pp. 577-632). University of Chicago Press.
This article discusses the future of policing, examining current trends and innovations in the field. The authors argue that the trend toward requiring higher education in law enforcement is an important development that will enhance policing. They contend that education can improve critical thinking skills, decision-making abilities, and overall performance among police officers. The article provides evidence to support this argument, drawing on examples from various police departments nationwide.
Blumberg, L. (2019). Making a case for Higher Education Requirements in Law Enforcement. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 30(4), 528-547.
This article advocates for implementing higher education requirements in law enforcement, arguing that it will improve the quality of policing. The author examines the benefits of education for police officers, including improved critical thinking, communication skills, and ethical decision-making. The article also addresses potential objections to this proposal and suggests ways to overcome them.
Bradford, B., Huq, A., & Jackson, J. (2019). Police legitimacy, procedural justice, and the equitable distribution of stops and searches in London. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 16(3), 645-675.
This article examines the relationship between police legitimacy, procedural justice, and the equitable distribution of stops and searches in London. The authors argue that higher education requirements for police officers can help improve procedural justice and enhance the legitimacy of the police force. The article draws on data from a survey of police officers and members of the public to support its argument.
Cao, L., Zhao, J., & Shao, J. (2019). Community-oriented policing, perceived legitimacy, and citizen cooperation with the police in China. Policing: An International Journal, 42(5), 962-975.
This article examines the relationship between community-oriented policing, perceived legitimacy, and citizen cooperation with the police in China. The authors argue that higher education requirements for police officers can enhance community-oriented policing efforts and improve police legitimacy. The article draws on data from a survey of citizens in China to support its argument.
Cordner, G., & Scarborough, K. (2019). Higher Education and Policing: Where Do We Go From Here? Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 30(4), 548-561.
This article critically overviews the debate surrounding higher education requirements for police officers. The authors examine the arguments for and against this proposal, drawing on research from the field. The article also offers recommendations for future research and policy in this area. Hence the article provides a background for developing the capstone project.
Engel, R. S., & Worden, R. E. (2019). Police Officer Higher Education and the Use of Force: Insights from a National Sample. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 13(1), 1-12.
This article examines the relationship between police officer education levels and the use of force. The authors argue that higher education can help reduce the use of force by police officers. They argue that educated officers are more intelligent in dealing with issues rather than by the book. The article draws on data from a national sample of police officers to support its argument.
Grubb, J. A., & Armenta, B. E. (2019). Recruiting and Selecting Law Enforcement Officers: A Review of Current Practices. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(11), 1594-1616.
This article reviews current practices for recruiting and selecting law enforcement officers. The authors argue that requiring higher education can improve the quality of police recruits and enhance the effectiveness of policing. The article also addresses potential barriers to implementing higher education requirements, such as concerns about cost and accessibility.
Sgambelluri, R. (2021). The effects of education on police officer use of force decisions: A mixed-methods analysis. Policing: An International Journal, 44(4), 921-937. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-02-2020-0037
In this study, Sgambelluri examines the effects of education on police officers’ use of force decisions, using a mixed-methods approach that involved surveys and interviews. The findings show that police officers with higher levels of education were less likely to use force and more likely to use verbal tactics when confronted with a potentially volatile situation. The study also found that education played a role in shaping officers’ attitudes toward using force and their perceptions of their abilities. The author concludes that increasing the education levels of police officers could reduce the use of force and improve community relations. This study provides valuable insight into the relationship between education and police behavior and highlights the importance of promoting education to improve policing practices.
References
Alpert, G. P., & Dunham, R. G. (2020). Unpacking the impact of police education and training. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 31(4), 587-603. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2020.1746477
Alpert, G. P., & Smith, M. R. (2019). The Future of Policing: Current Trends and Innovations. In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (Vol. 48, pp. 577-632). University of Chicago Press.
Beach, W. A., & Katz, C. M. (2020). The Relationship Between Education and Training and Use of Force: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 35(2), 93-103.
Blumberg, L. (2019). Making a case for Higher Education Requirements in Law Enforcement. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 30(4), 528-547.
Bradford, B., Huq, A., & Jackson, J. (2019). Police legitimacy, procedural justice, and the equitable distribution of stops and searches in London. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 16(3), 645-675.
Burch, A. M. (2021). Education Requirements and Police Officer Performance: Examining Promotions and Use of Force. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 44(2), 221-236.
Cao, L., Zhao, J., & Shao, J. (2019). Community-oriented policing, perceived legitimacy, and citizen cooperation with the police in China. Policing: An International Journal, 42(5), 962-975.
Cordner, G., & Scarborough, K. (2019). Higher Education and Policing: Where Do We Go From Here? Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 30(4), 548-561.
Engel, R. S., & Worden, R. E. (2019). Police Officer Higher Education and the Use of Force: Insights from a National Sample. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 13(1), 1-12.
Engel, R. S., Carlan, P. E., & Tillyer, R. (2020). Law Enforcement Education: Past, Present, and Future. Police Quarterly, 23(1), 3-25.
Grubb, J. A., & Armenta, B. E. (2019). Recruiting and Selecting Law Enforcement Officers: A Review of Current Practices. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(11), 1594-1616.
Hernandez, J. A. (2021). An Examination of Higher Education Requirements in Law Enforcement Agencies in the State of Florida. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 44(4), 818-830.
Heydemann, R. (2022). Do Police Need Degrees? Public Administration Review, 82(1), 5-14.
Hickman, M. J., & Reaves, B. A. (2019). Higher Education and Law Enforcement: Changing Mindsets. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 88(8), 6-11.
Levrero, L. J., & Archbold, C. A. (2019). The benefits of education in law enforcement: A review of the empirical literature. Police Practice and Research, 20(1), 40-54.
McKenney, J. P., & Houston-Kolnik, J. D. (2021). Higher Education and Police Misconduct: Examining the Relationship Between Educational Attainment and Disciplinary Actions. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 44(3), 469-482. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2020-0219
More, H. W. (2019). Education and training requirements for law enforcement officers: A national survey. Police Quarterly, 22(1), 3-25.
Morris, J. (2019). The Relationship Between Education and Promotion for Law Enforcement Officers. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 44(1), 1-20.
Neiderhiser, J. M. (2019). Police Officer Education and Crime Prevention: An Analysis of FBI Data. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 30(2), 151-167.
Neyroud, P., & Shearing, C. (2021). Higher Education for Police in the 21st Century: The Case for a New and Distinctive Police Profession. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 15(2), 278-290. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paaa086
Orrick, E. A. (2019). Education and Policing: Is There a Connection? International Journal of Police Science & Management, 21(1), 5-15.
Prenzler, T. (2019). Police education and training in Australia: Challenges and opportunities. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 13(3), 232-243.
Rappaport, A. (2019). An Examination of the Relationship Between Education and Police Use of Force. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 42(3), 466-481.
Rojek, J., Tillyer, R., & Engel, R. S. (2019). The Effects of Education on Perceptions of Police Legitimacy. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 42(3), 482-495.
Rosenbaum, D. P. (2019). Education and Training in Policing: From Craft to Profession. Justice Quarterly, 36(2), 304-330.
Sgambelluri, R. (2021). The effects of education on police officer use of force decisions: A mixed-methods analysis. Policing: An International Journal, 44(4), 921-937. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-02-2020-0037
Simmers, C. S. (2019). The impact of educational levels on police officers’ attitudes toward using force. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 42(2), 211-223. doi: 10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2018-0136
Sklansky, D. A. (2021). Education and the Future of Policing. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 111(1), 1-28. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol111/iss1/1
Sutherland, A., & Martin, S. E. (2019). Officer Education and Community Policing. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 13(1), 77-86.
Tillyer, R., Engel, R. S., & Carlan, P. E. (2019). Does Education Matter in Law Enforcement? A Review of the Literature. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 30(3), 406-429.
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