Introduction
According to Smith (2021), homelessness is an important subject that affects several young people in urban areas around the globe. Indigenous youth, in particular, face distinct hurdles in gaining access to housing, healthcare, education, and other support services (Smith, 2021). In light of this fact, this proposed research aims to investigate and analyse the difficulties encountered by homeless Indigenous youth and non-Indigenous youth in urban environments, emphasising the understanding of Indigenous youth’s unique experiences and needs. This project will investigate and analyse the challenges encountered by homeless Indigenous youth and non-Indigenous youth in urban environments, emphasising an understanding of Indigenous youth’s unique experiences and needs. The research will employ an intersectionality paradigm and a mixed-methods strategy to better understand Indigenous children’s experiences and find effective tactics for assisting this vulnerable group. The data will be analysed using thematic and statistical analysis to identify key themes and patterns and compare the experiences of the two groups. The research will involve working closely with Indigenous community partners and youth representatives to ensure the investigation is respectful, culturally appropriate, and informed by Indigenous perspectives.
Situating self
Given my experiences and viewpoints, I picked up on the problem of homeless Indigenous youth versus non-Indigenous youth in urban regions. Growing up in a small town in Northern Ontario, I witnessed first-hand the hitches encountered by Indigenous children who became vagrants after fleeing their people. These experiences remained with me and inspired me to learn more about the underlying reasons for homelessness among Indigenous children. Besides my personal experiences, I learned about Indigenous culture and customs by attending a trilingual high school where Indigenous views were incorporated into the curriculum and spending time with my Indigenous peers and their families. These encounters have given me tremendous respect for Indigenous peoples’ rich culture and heritage and a better comprehension of their challenges.
However, my personal experiences and perspectives may have biases that influence how I perceive information. Before studying this subject, I held common misconceptions about Indigenous people, including the harmful stereotype that Indigenous people are heavy drinkers who cannot work to support their families. This limited perspective does not accurately represent Indigenous cultures and societies’ wide variety and complexities. As a result, I am committed to learning more about the underlying causes of homelessness among Indigenous children and remaining open to new ideas and perspectives. I also recognise that my position in society as a non-Indigenous individual may limit my understanding of the experiences of homeless Indigenous children. To better grasp the issues, I must acknowledge my privileges and biases in this context and listen to the perspectives of Indigenous children and communities. In summary, my personal experiences, education, and past prejudices have led me to choose this subject and approach it with an open mind and a commitment to understanding the complexities of the problem.
Literature Review
Background and history
Homelessness among Indigenous youth is a critical issue in urban settings. Homelessness disproportionately affects Indigenous youth more than non-Indigenous youth (Bingham et al., 2019). According to a Canadian Observatory on Homelessness study, Indigenous youth comprise 8.8% of the Canadian population but 47% of the homeless population (Kauppi et al., 2020). Homelessness among Indigenous youth is a significant issue that requires attention in urban settings (Kauppi et al., 2020). This literature review will explore the challenges Indigenous youth experience compared to non-Indigenous youth in urban settings, focusing on the perspectives presented in Chapters 5, 6, 9, and 10 of Linda Tuhiwai Smith’s book “Decolonizing Methodologies” and other literature sources.
Importance and relevance of the research questions
The first important area is understanding the root causes of homelessness among Indigenous youth. Research has shown that the legacy of colonialism, residential schools, and ongoing systemic discrimination and marginalisation have contributed to their over-representation in the homeless population (Petoukhov, 2013). By identifying these root causes, policymakers and service providers can develop targeted interventions addressing the underlying issues contributing to homelessness.
The second area of importance is comprehending the unique challenges that homeless Indigenous youth face compared to non-Indigenous youth. Indigenous youth may experience discrimination and racism in accessing housing, employment, and education, and they are at a higher risk of experiencing violence, addiction, and mental health issues (Zubrick et al., 2014). They may also face barriers to accessing culturally appropriate services and supports, which can further exacerbate their marginalisation. By identifying these challenges, policymakers and service providers can develop culturally sensitive interventions and address the specific needs of homeless Indigenous youth (Zubrick et al., 2014).
The third area of importance is the impact of homelessness on Indigenous youth in urban settings. Homelessness can have long-lasting effects on Indigenous youth’s physical and mental health and educational and employment outcomes (Gabriel, Mirza & Stewart, 2022). By understanding the impact of homelessness on Indigenous youth, policymakers and service providers can develop interventions that prioritise prevention and early intervention to minimise the adverse effects of homelessness.
The root causes of homelessness
The complex and interconnected root causes of homelessness among Indigenous youth are often linked to a legacy of colonialism, residential schools, the Sixties Scoop, and ongoing systemic discrimination and marginalisation (Patrick, 2014). According to Patrick, the forced removal of Indigenous children from their families and communities and the subsequent loss of culture and language have resulted in intergenerational trauma and a breakdown of social support. This has contributed to a lack of resources and opportunities for Indigenous youth and their over-representation in the homeless population (Patrick, 2014).
Indigenous youth who are homeless face unique challenges compared to non-Indigenous youth. According to Smith (2021), these youths may experience discrimination and racism in accessing housing, employment, and education. They are more likely to experience violence, addiction, and mental health issues and are at a higher risk of becoming involved in the criminal justice system. Indigenous youth may also face barriers to accessing culturally appropriate services and supports, which can further exacerbate their marginalisation (Smith, 2021).
In addition, homeless Indigenous youth may face unique challenges related to cultural disconnection and marginalisation. As Chapter 6 of “Decolonizing Methodologies notes,” Indigenous youth may have different cultural values and ways of understanding the world that can be at odds with mainstream society and service providers. This can create a barrier to accessing services and support and further marginalise Indigenous youth (Smith, 2021).
Research has shown that homeless Indigenous youth often experience cultural dislocation and a loss of cultural identity. A study by Berman et al. (2009) found that homeless Indigenous youth often feel a sense of disconnection from their culture, which can contribute to feelings of hopelessness and disempowerment. The study also found that homeless Indigenous youth may face barriers to accessing culturally sensitive services, which can further exacerbate their marginalisation (Berman et al., 2009).
Another study by Gaetz, Scott, and Gulliver (2013) found that homeless Indigenous youth may face discrimination and stigma based on their Indigenous identity, contributing to alienation and disconnection. The study also found that homeless Indigenous youth may have different cultural values and beliefs that can be at odds with mainstream society and service providers, creating barriers to accessing services and support.
Addressing the cultural needs of homeless Indigenous youth is crucial in developing effective interventions that address their unique needs. According to Patrick (2014), this endeavour includes recognising the importance of culture and cultural identity in the lives of homeless Indigenous youth and developing culturally sensitive interventions responsive to their needs (Smith, 2021). Chapter 6 of “Decolonizing Methodologies” notes that it is crucial to centre Indigenous knowledge and perspectives in developing culturally appropriate interventions that are responsive to the unique needs of Indigenous youth (Smith, 2021).
Furthermore, recognising and respecting the diversity of Indigenous experiences is crucial in developing effective interventions. As Chapter 10 of “Decolonizing Methodologies noted,” homeless Indigenous youth may come from various backgrounds and have distinct experiences of colonisation and marginalisation. It is essential to acknowledge and honour this diversity in developing interventions that address the unique needs of Indigenous youth (Smith, 2021).
Challenges faced by indigenous youth
In Chapter 5 of “Decolonizing Methodologies,” Smith highlights the impact of colonisation, residential schools, and systemic discrimination on Indigenous youth, contributing to their over-representation in the homeless population. The resulting historical trauma can lead to feelings of disconnection and a lack of belonging, further exacerbating the challenges of homelessness. Smith emphasises the importance of acknowledging and understanding this historical context in developing effective interventions that address the underlying causes of homelessness among Indigenous youth (Smith, 2021).
Chapter 6 of “Decolonizing Methodologies” emphasises the significance of comprehending the cultural context of homeless Indigenous youth. Smith stresses that Indigenous youth encounter hindrances in accessing culturally appropriate services and support, which can further worsen their marginalisation. The absence of culturally sensitive services can contribute to alienation and disempowerment, obstructing stability and a sense of belonging. Smith argues that centring Indigenous knowledge and perspectives in developing culturally appropriate interventions that respond to the unique needs of Indigenous youth is critical (Smith, 2021).
In Chapter 9 of “Decolonizing Methodologies,” Smith examines the lasting impacts of colonialism on homeless Indigenous youth. Colonial policies historically have contributed to the marginalisation of Indigenous communities, including the forced displacement of Indigenous peoples from their lands, the imposition of Eurocentric values and norms, and the suppression of Indigenous cultures and languages. These policies have created a legacy of intergenerational trauma that can contribute to dislocation and displacement among homeless Indigenous youth. Smith contends that addressing the root causes of homelessness among Indigenous youth necessitates acknowledging and addressing the ongoing effects of colonialism (Smith, 2021).
Chapter 10 of “Decolonizing Methodologies” underscores the significance of acknowledging the diversity of Indigenous experiences. Smith notes that homeless Indigenous youth may have different backgrounds and perspectives regarding colonisation and marginalisation. Therefore, it is crucial to recognise and respect this diversity when developing interventions that address the distinct needs of Indigenous youth. Smith argues that a decolonising approach to research and intervention development requires centring Indigenous knowledge and perspectives and recognising the diversity of Indigenous experiences (Smith, 2021).
The impacts of homelessness on indigenous youth in urban settings
The article “Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942–1952” by Ian Mosby sheds light on the historical exploitation of Indigenous peoples in Canada through scientific research. This exploitation has had lasting impacts on Indigenous communities and has contributed to the ongoing challenges faced by Indigenous youth today (Mosby, 2013).
One challenge Indigenous youth face is the legacy of residential schools, which were institutions established by the Canadian government to assimilate Indigenous children into mainstream society forcibly. Mosby’s article highlights the unethical use of Indigenous children in nutritional experiments conducted in these schools, reinforcing the need for tremendous respect for the rights of Indigenous people in all research involving Indigenous communities (Mosby, 2013).
Another challenge faced by Indigenous youth is marginalisation and discrimination in mainstream society. Mosby’s article highlights how colonialist attitudes towards Indigenous people as inferior and needing external intervention have contributed to these negative perceptions. This effect can create a barrier to accessing services and support, particularly for Indigenous youth with different cultural values and ways of understanding the world (Mosby, 2013).
Moreover, the detrimental effects of colonisation and the exploitation of Indigenous peoples have resulted in intergenerational trauma, leading to various issues such as substance abuse, mental health challenges, and poverty. Indigenous youth are especially vulnerable to these consequences, as they are more likely to experience poverty and high rates of mental health and substance abuse issues (Mosby, 2013).
Recognising colonisation’s historical and ongoing impacts on Indigenous communities and prioritising Indigenous perspectives and voices in all efforts to support Indigenous youth is crucial (Patrick, 2014). This approach involves providing culturally appropriate and community-led services and support and addressing systemic poverty, discrimination, and marginalisation (Patrick, 2014). Mosby’s article highlights the importance of more significant ethical considerations in Indigenous community research. It underscores the significance of respecting the rights and agency of Indigenous people in all aspects of society (Mosby, 2013).
Research questions
The three primary research questions for the topic “Challenges Faced by Homeless Indigenous Youth Compared to Non-Indigenous Youth in Urban Settings” are:
- What challenges do homeless indigenous youth encounter in urban environments compared to non-Indigenous youth?
- How do these challenges affect the wellbeing and prospects of indigenous youth?
- What interventions can address these challenges and support homeless indigenous youth in urban settings?
These research questions are essential because they focus on the unique challenges faced by a specific population (homeless indigenous youth in urban settings) rather than a broader group (non-Indigenous youth). The questions seek to understand the distinct experiences of this population, how these experiences affect their wellbeing, and what can be done to support them. The chosen methodology should enable a comprehensive examination of the challenges faced by homeless indigenous youth in urban settings and provide insights that can inform policies and initiatives to meet their needs.
Methods
The study will use Indigenous research techniques to investigate the differences in challenges encountered by homeless Indigenous youth in urban environments versus non-Indigenous youth. Indigenous research techniques prioritise Indigenous groups’ involvement and participation in the research process and the significance of Indigenous knowledge systems and means of comprehending the world. These techniques include storytelling, discussion groups, and other kinds of community engagement. The research will be carried out in collaboration with Indigenous organisations and community members engaged in the study’s planning and implementation. In-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observation will be used to gather data, which will then be evaluated thematically to find key themes and trends. One possible drawback of Indigenous research techniques is that some scholars may need to be more experienced with Indigenous ways of knowing and comprehending the world.
Furthermore, balancing the need for academic rigour with the significance of community involvement and inclusion may present difficulties. These constraints, however, can be overcome by collaborating with Indigenous people and organisations. The study can be carried out politely and respectfully to traditional practices.
Conclusion
This proposed research investigates the differences in challenges encountered by homeless Indigenous youth in urban environments compared to non-Indigenous youth. The study questions aim to understand the impact of these challenges on the wellbeing and prospects of Indigenous youth and to identify potential solutions to address these issues. This study is significant because it has the potential to influence policies and interventions aimed at meeting the needs of homeless Indigenous youth in urban environments. This study can provide culturally relevant insights relevant to Indigenous youth’s experiences by prioritising Indigenous research techniques and community involvement. Indigenous youth homelessness is a major social problem that has received little attention in research and policies, making this study an essential addition to the field. It has the potential to raise awareness of the unique challenges Indigenous youth face and the need for culturally appropriate support and treatments. Ultimately, the significance of this research lies in its potential to significantly impact the lives of Indigenous youth experiencing homelessness in urban areas.
References
Berman, H., Mulcahy, G. A., Forchuk, C., Edmunds, K. A., Haldenby, A., & Lopez, R. (2009). Uprooted and displaced: A critical narrative study of homeless, Aboriginal, and newcomer girls in Canada. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30(7), 418-430. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840802716880
Bingham, B., Moniruzzaman, A., Patterson, M., Distasio, J., Sareen, J., O’Neil, J., & Somers, J. M. (2019). Indigenous and non-Indigenous people experiencing homelessness and mental illness in two Canadian cities: A retrospective analysis and implications for culturally informed action. BMJ Open, 9(4), e024748. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024748
Gabriel, M. D., Mirza, S., & Stewart, S. L. (2022). Exploring mental health and holistic healing through the life stories of Indigenous youth who have experienced homelessness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013402
Gaetz, S., Scott, F., & Gulliver, T. (2013). Housing First in Canada: Supporting communities to end homelessness. Canada Homelessness Research Network. https://www.homelesshub.ca/sites/default/files/HousingFirstCanada.pdf
Kauppi, C., Pallard, H., Elphick, R., Hankard, M., Montgomery, P., Faries, E., … & Waegemakers Schiff, J. (2020). Homelessness enumeration in the Cochrane District. Report prepared for Ontario Trillium Foundation. https://otf.ca/sites/default/files/OTF_Homelessness_Report_Cochrane_District.pdf
Mosby, I. (2013). Administering colonial science: Nutrition research and human biomedical experimentation in Aboriginal communities and residential schools, 1942–1952. Histoire Sociale/Social History, 46(91), 145–172. https://doi.org/10.1353/his.2013.0015
Patrick, C. (2014). Aboriginal homelessness in Canada: A literature review. Canadian Homelessness Research Network. https://homelesshub.ca/resource/aboriginal-homelessness-canada-literature-review
Petoukhov, K. S. (2013). Transforming the legacy of Indian residential schools in Canada into a public issue: A critical analysis of Michael Burawoy’s public sociology. Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology, 2(1), 45-58.
Singer, J., Hoang, H., & Ochiai, C. (2015). Post‐displacement community resilience: Considering the contribution of Indigenous skills and cultural capital among ethnic minority Vietnamese. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 56(2), 208-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12091
Smith, L. T. (2021). Decolonising methodologies: Research and Indigenous peoples (3rd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing.
Zubrick, S. R., Shepherd, C. C., Dudgeon, P., Gee, G., Paradies, Y., Scrine, C., & Walker, R. (2014). Social determinants of social and emotional wellbeing. In Working Together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental Health and Wellbeing Principles and Practice (pp. 93–112). Commonwealth of Australia.
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