Introduction
Recently, millions of people have suffered from heart-related problems globally. The main risk factors for heart problems include people’s lifestyles, which directly relate to diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, and limited physical exercise. Healthcare professionals and practitioners specializing in heart organs have established several approaches to diagnose the heart’s condition. An annual screening echocardiogram is one of the approaches of ultrasound scan used to examine the heart and the surrounding blood vessels. Concerns have emerged regarding the use of annual echocardiograms to test, leading to limited monitoring. The clinical practice guidelines have opted for a short-term prediction model over the yearly echocardiograms when applied to systemic sclerosis (SSc) to test pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The evidence-based paper is guided by the following research question.
Research Question: Can a forecasting model recognize SSc patients with a minimum rate of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) effectively, leading to limited use of yearly echocardiogram tests? This paper reinstates that the forecasting model can effectively recognize SSc patients with limited chances of PAH scenarios, leading to effective monitoring and application of the tests. Eventually, an annual screening echocardiogram will not be needed since it is not effective in offering consistent monitoring to SSC patients with limited chances of PAH scenarios.
Integrative Review
Various peer-reviewed articles provide evidence regarding the research question posted above. For instance, Semalulu et al. (2020) conducted case-control research to determine if a forecasting model can recognize SSC patients with limited chances of PAH scenarios, leading to limited use of yearly echocardiograms. The authors used 925 unchosen SSC subjects, which were mainly longitudinal and multi-centered. The research demonstrated that thirty-seven subjects established PAH during the observation period of 5407.97 person-years (Semalulu et al., 2020). The major independent factors that predicted PAH include diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and shortness of breath (SOB). While interpreting the statistics, the authors established that a forecasting model recognized subjects with low chances of PAH who would possibly disregard the yearly screening echocardiogram. This validates the use of follow-up echocardiograms among SSc patients. Brown et al. (2021) concurs with this assertion claiming that SSc patients who underwent early intervention procedures experienced improved health and quality of life. This implies that predictive models result in close monitoring of the patient, which results in effective recommendation and implementation of the best practices that improve the patient’s quality of life.
Consequently, Brown et al. (2021) conducted a systematic review of the recent strategies implemented when testing for PAH in SSc. The authors used the meta-analysis to document the evidence regarding the sustainable outcomes for testing procedures. The meta-analysis sourced articles from databases such as Medline, Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The meta-analysis included 580 distinctive citations with 15 manuscripts (Brown et al.,2021). The study established that SSc patients who underwent early intervention procedures experienced improved health and quality of life. Concurrently, they can experience quality prognostic aspects while being diagnosed with PAH. The systematic study also established that early detection of PAH among SSc patients results in sustainable benefits such as effective monitoring of the disease. Bruni et al. (2020) concur with this assertion, claiming that the authors established that predictive echocardiography is a crucial tool for SSc-PAH. Concurrently, Bruni et al. (2020) affirm that predictive models are reliable since they monitor the patient closely throughout, leading to desired health outcomes. Therefore, forecasting models are crucial and effective in recognizing SSc patients with limited PAH conditions since they improve the quality of life.
Also, Bruni et al. (2020) conducted a systematic literature review to explore the extensive screening techniques and modalities for SSc-PAH regarding heart catheterization. The initiative was based on the assertion that prior detection and screening of PAH is central since the condition is characterized by a significant morbidity and death rate. The review included articles from EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science, totaling 199 sources, as 32 were used in the final analysis. The articles identified four main screening tools, including serum biomarkers, clinical features, pulmonary function tests, and echocardiography. The tools contained various aspects combined to establish a fashionable approach. While applying the tool to various groups, the ASIG and DETECT indicated a significant detection and unfavorable forecasting value. While concluding the systematic review, the authors established that predictive echocardiography is a crucial tool for SSc-PAH (Bruni et al.,2020). Notably, this included the forecasting tools such as tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP), which are sections of composite algorithms. This implies that most predictive approaches are more dependent on testing SSc-PAH patients compared to yearly echocardiography. Semalulu et al. (2020) concur with this assertion, claiming that the forecasting model recognizes subjects with low chances of PAH who would possibly disregard the yearly screening echocardiogram, thus validating the use of follow-up echocardiograms among SSc patients.
Lastly, Brown and Nikpour(2020) conducted a qualitative review addressing the recent clinical and study implications of using the predictive model in screening patients with SSc-PAH. The review establishes that patients SSc patients diagnosed with PAH in the early stages experience more positive health outcomes than patients screened annually. The recent data justifies that patients undergoing early screening, and detection of the condition experience more sustainable health outcomes than patients undergoing a yearly screening (Brown & Nikpour, 2020). Bruni et al. (2020) concur with this assertion after identifying the predictive models of testing SSC patients with PAH, including the composite algorithms tools such as tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP). This implies that predictive models are effective in screening SSc-PAH since they provide regular updates on the patient’s healing process, leading to improved interventions.
Conclusion
As manifested in the review of the four articles above, the articles champion the using the forecasting model over the annual echocardiogram tests when screening SSc-PAH patients. For instance, while answering the research question, Semalulu et al. (2020) established that a forecasting model recognized subjects with low chances of PAH who would possibly disregard the yearly screening echocardiogram. Concurrently, this study validates the use of follow-up echocardiograms among SSc patients, which implies that predictive models result in close monitoring of the patient, which results in effective recommendation and implementation of the best practices that improve the patient’s quality of life. Secondly, Brown et al. (2021) affirm that SSc patients who underwent early intervention procedures experienced improved health and quality of life. Besides, they can experience quality prognostic aspects while being diagnosed with PAH, which are sustainable as they positively impact the patient. Consequently, Bruni et al. (2020) established that predictive echocardiography is a crucial tool for SSc-PAH. Moreover, the authors justify the use of a predictive model over annual echocardiogram screening due to its ability to provide close monitoring of the patient. Lastly, Brown and Nikpour(2020) affirm that SSc-PAH patients undergoing predictive model detection experience more sustainable health outcomes than patients undergoing an annual echocardiogram screening. Therefore, while diagnosing the heart, healthcare workers should use forecasting models over annual echocardiogram screening since they significantly impact the patient’s health outcomes in the long run.
References
Bruni, C., De Luca, G., Lazzaroni, M., Zanatta, E., Lepri, G., Airò, P., Dagna, L., Doria, A., & Matucci-Cerinic, M. (2020). Screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 78, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.05.042
Brown, Z., Proudman, S., Morrisroe, K., Stevens, W., Hansen, D., & Nikpour, M. (2021). Screening for the early detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term outcomes. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 51(3), 495-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.03.011
Brown, Z. R., & Nikpour, M. (2020). Screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis: Now or never! European Journal of Rheumatology, 7(Suppl 3), S187. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjrheum.2020.19114
Semalulu, T., Rudski, L., Huynh, T., Langleben, D., Wang, M., Fritzler, M., Pope, J., Baron, M., & Hudson, M. (2020). An evidence-based strategy to screen for pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 50(6), 1421-1427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.02.013
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