Introduction
T2DM affects millions of people worldwide and costs healthcare systems a lot. Type 2 diabetics can improve their health, reduce problems, and control their blood glucose using various therapies. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is complex and variable, making evidence-based practice (EBP) more important. These projects help develop successful diabetes treatment plans based on best practices and research. This literature review analyzes four key T2DM management components. It examines glucose monitoring technologies such as Time in Range (TIR), diabetic nephropathy, ageing as a type 2 diabetes risk factor, and subtyping the condition for better treatment. Analyzing the research data will provide a full overview of T2DM management and highlight novel options that could transform care and therapy. It emphasizes the necessity to manage diabetes using an evidence-based approach so doctors may address patients’ changing requirements.
Search Methods
This evidence-based practice (EBP) study on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus treatment requires a thorough and targeted literature evaluation. Given the complexity and ongoing evolution of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), we searched for a wide range of research publications that could shed light on its management, outcomes, and treatment trends. I searched the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus extensively. These databases were chosen for their abundant medical and health sciences literature, allowing extensive study coverage. The search technique focused on words and phrases that captured the primary type 2 diabetes management difficulties. Consider Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, glucose control, ageing and diabetes, diabetes subtyping, diabetic nephropathy, and T2DM complications. Keywords were merged using Boolean operators and adjusted to each database’s search capability to improve results. We searched only studies published within the past five years to ensure the latest data backed this review’s conclusions and suggestions. The inclusion criteria limit the massive number of publications retrieved in the first search. Prospective cohort, quantitative, meta-and retrospective observational studies are prioritized.
These studies provide high-quality T2DM therapy, risk factors, and result data. EBP was designed to use reliable empirical data to inform clinical practice. The selection method prioritized T2DM management and outcomes publications. These included studies on novel glucose monitoring devices, age and diabetes risk and medication, diabetes subtyping for personalized care, and diabetic nephropathy incidence and management. The rigorous and objective literature search and selection process ensures the EBP project is based on the most reliable and relevant T2DM management studies. This comprehensive literature review emphasizes type 2 diabetes treatment difficulties and advances and areas where more research and therapy could fill gaps in existing understanding and clinical practice.
Synthesis of articles
The selected publications provide valuable insights into Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and its management from various perspectives. Lu J. et al. (2021) found that time-in-range (TIR) research emphasizes glucose level maintenance. This study found that Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients with a Time in Range (TIR) of 70% or above have a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause death. According to these findings, TIR may help manage diabetes efficiently. Continuous glucose monitoring is crucial to diabetes management. It also suggests that HbA1c values may not accurately reflect daily blood sugar changes and their effects on long-term health.
According to Fazeli, P.K. et al. (2019), ageing is a significant and independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, contrary to the current focus on BMI. This study suggests screening and management methods for different age groups. This advice was made because age raises the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), regardless of BMI. Due to higher life expectancies and demographic shifts, healthcare providers must alter diabetes prevention and control practices. According to Ahlqvist et al. (2020), a clinically based type 2 diabetes subtyping technique. Separating severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD) from severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD) allows for personalized treatment. Due to the variability of type 2 diabetes, this study suggests that drug customization based on the patient’s diabetes subtype may improve treatment outcomes and individualize care.
In a 2020 meta-analysis, Zhang, X.-X. et al. stressed the importance of early diagnosis and therapy for diabetic nephropathy in Chinese type 2 diabetics. This study emphasizes addressing diabetic nephropathy as a public health issue. The sickness prevalence rates in different Chinese regions are compared. To avoid or reduce this catastrophic diabetic result, screening, public awareness, and care must be improved, especially for high-risk populations. These studies emphasize the significance of personalized treatment, risk factor identification, and close monitoring to enhance type 2 diabetes comprehension and management. They promote a comprehensive diabetes treatment approach that stresses clinical innovation and adaptation to improve patient outcomes.
Suggestions for future research
The current study on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) management highlights a critical feature of the field and suggests several research avenues that could improve diabetes care. New Time in Range (TIR) monitoring devices emphasize the necessity for advanced glucose management and offer a substantial diabetic treatment adjustment. TIR’s effects should be studied with a wider range of subjects and larger samples. Understanding TIR-focused therapy subgroup responses may lead to more customized and successful diabetes control. Ageing is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, highlighting the necessity for age-specific medicines. Research on the effects of ageing-related physiological and metabolic changes on diabetes risk and control may lead to personalized diabetes prevention and treatment. This study is important due to population ageing and rising type 2 diabetes and complications risk.
A recent study found that type 2 diabetes is unique; thus, a tailored treatment may be better. Treatments that target certain subtypes can improve clinical results, but they must be tested in several groups. Further research is needed to determine these categories’ frequency and shared traits. We must also tailor therapy to each subgroup. This could provide personalized T2DM treatment with medications suited to each patient’s diabetic profile and condition. Diabetic nephropathy must be treated due to its prevalence and severity. Future research should study how genetics, environment, and lifestyle affect diabetic nephropathy. Researchers can find new ways to treat and delay diabetic nephropathy by exploring these linkages.
More and better T2DM research is needed to understand and control the disease. Addressing these research gaps can make diabetes care more sophisticated, tailored, and successful. This effort involves creative research methods and an interdisciplinary strategy that combines genetics, behavioural science, and technology to give cutting-edge solutions based on patient’s needs and experiences.
Conclusion
In conclusion, type 2 diabetes treatment must be comprehensive and consider the illness’s complexity and each patient’s uniqueness. Better glucose monitoring, especially Time in Range (TIR), can improve type 2 diabetes treatment, according to the literature. They also emphasize the need to identify and address age-related issues and how diabetes subtyping can be utilized to customize treatment approaches. The findings underline the need to treat diabetic nephropathy to optimize type 2 diabetes treatment. These focus areas demonstrate the need for evidence-based T2DM management and the possibility for considerable patient care improvements. Researchers and healthcare providers can improve type 2 diabetes patients’ quality of life and health by using existing information and adopting these discoveries. This advancement brings us closer to personalized diabetes therapy.
References
Ahlqvist, E., Prasad, R. B., & Groop, L. (2020). Subtypes of Type 2 Diabetes Determined From Clinical Parameters Diabetes, 69(10), 2086–2093. https://doi.org/10.2337/dbi20-0001
Fazeli, Pouneh K., Lee, H., & Steinhauser, Matthew L. (2019). Aging Is a Powerful Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Independent of Body Mass Index.
Gerontology, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1159/000501745
Lu, J., Wang, C., Shen, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, L., Cai, J., Lu, W., Zhu, W., Hu, G., Xia, T., & Zhou, J. (2021). Time in Range in Relation to All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Diabetes Care, 44(2), 549–555. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1862
Zhang, X.-X., Kong, J., & Yun, K. (2020). Prevalence of Diabetic Nephropathy among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in China: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2020, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2315607
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