Introduction
A parliament may be defined as a legislative body within a political system responsible for making laws, representing the people’s interests, and overseeing the government. It typically comprises elected representatives who debate, propose, and pass laws, allocate budgets, and scrutinize government actions (Palek, 2015). Parliaments can have different structures and powers depending on the country’s political system, but their primary function is to create and enact legislation. Conversely, a court may be defined as a judicial institution that administers justice by interpreting and applying the law (Coghill et al., 2012). Courts resolve disputes, adjudicate legal cases, and uphold the law by analyzing evidence, hearing arguments from opposing parties, and making legal judgments. They ensure the fair and impartial application of rules, settle conflicts between individuals or entities, and enforce legal rights and responsibilities within a society. Courts operate within established legal frameworks and uphold the principles of justice and due process (April, 1998). A language dictionary is a comprehensive reference book or resource that systematically lists and defines words within a language. It is an authoritative guide, providing information on word meanings, spellings, pronunciations, usage examples, and sometimes etymological or historical data (Bergenholtz, 2012; Tarp, 2017; Hartmann & Stork,1972). Dictionaries are designed to aid in understanding and using a language effectively by offering definitions that reflect commonly accepted meanings, spelling conventions, and usage patterns. They are valuable tools for writers, students, language learners, and anyone seeking accurate information about the vocabulary of a language.
The role of a dictionary as a language parliament
A standard Kiswahili language dictionary can be scoped in the metaphorical language parliament. Here, a dictionary can be argued to embody several characteristics reflecting a legislative body. These are the exact roles assigned to a Kiswahili language dictionary as a country’s legislative body does. These roles include;
Legislation of words
Given law terms and legislative domain, a parliament makes and creates laws of a given country (Williams, 1982). Similar to how these parliaments createcreate a republic’s laws, a Kiswahili language dictionary is often given the mandate to determine which words are officially recognized by the public (Yambi, 2000). After creating the lexicons, which come to the public as a vocabulary, it provides the definitions and pronunciations of the same vocabularies that serve as the accepted standard. Some of the ways through which the Kiswahili dictionaries metaphorically legislate words and vocabularies include, firstly, through Defining Word Meanings. Rather than creating laws, a Kiswahili dictionary “defines” terms. It functions like a legislative body by providing precise, accepted meanings for words establishing the standard for their usage. Secondly, a standard Kiswahili dictionary records the language standards. Kiswahili dictionaries document the agreed-upon meanings, pronunciations, spellings, and usage of words, much like laws are recorded statutes. This standardized information guides speakers and writers on properly using words in a language (Sonpal, 2002). Thirdly, legislation of terms is done by updating Kiswahili language “Regulations.” Similar to how laws are amended or corrected, Kiswahili dictionaries have evolved. They incorporate new words, meanings, and usages that have gained acceptance within the language community, reflecting the ever-changing nature of language. Fourthly, there is the Setting of Kiswahili Norms. While not enforcing rules, Kiswahili dictionaries reflect and reinforce the norms of Kiswahili as a language. They serve as a reference for acceptable usage, akin to how laws outline what is lawful or unlawful (Sonpal, 2002). Fifth, Kiswahili dictionaries provide authority to Kiswahili as a language. Kiswahili dictionaries act as an authority on language, akin to how laws are the authority in legal matters. They are consulted for disputes over meanings, usage, and proper language application. Lastly, the dictionaries establish language boundaries. Kiswahili Dictionaries delineate the boundaries of a language by defining its vocabulary and providing guidance on how words should be used within that linguistic framework. It should be noted that while the comparison to legislation is metaphorical, the Kiswahili dictionary’s role in defining, standardizing, and serving as a reference for language usage is crucial. It provides a framework within which users navigate and understand this language, much like laws provide a framework for societal conduct.
Addition and Removal of new lexicons
In the contemporary world, and given democratic countries, a parliament is a legislative body mandated to add and remove laws into the constitution given to the public. Ideally, the same is translated into the Kiswahili language dictionaries, where the Kiswahili lexicographers regularly add new words commonly referred to as neologisms and remove outdated and obsolete terms (Hurskainen, 1994; Yambi, 2000; De Schryver, 2020)—as the vocabularies and words found in these languages also as language evolves develop. Kiswahili language is also not an exception. Several words became obsolete, while others were newly created and became functional. One factor that has aided this Kiswahili language in adding new vocabulary to its dictionary is the advent of technology. However, words like ngeu (blood) have replaced new vocabularies like damu. Another vocabulary attached to the covid 19 pandemic is Uviko, meaning covid. Even though the Kiswahili dictionary has yet to enter this vocabulary into its entries, there is a high probability that this vocabulary will be included in any of the newly formulated editions and other new dictionaries because it reflects on the COVID-19 pandemic. It also means that adding and removing ne lexicons in a dictionary, just like a parliament, is attached to worldwide social phenomena (Wójtowicz, 2003).
Defining Language Standards
A parliament is often regarded as a standard-setting body in a country since it is usually linked to Policy Formulation through debates, discussions, and committees (Pigott, 1795). Here, parliamentarians formulate policies that shape societal norms, ethical standards, and the direction of national development (Moshi, 2006). These policies often translate into standards for behaviour, practices, and procedures. Similarly, Kiswahili lexicographers are always on the run to set the language standards (Onyango, 2005). It is usually seen through the setting of spelling, pronunciation, grammar, and usage (De Schryver, 2020). For a dictionary to be regarded as standard, these standards must always be seen. They always function as a guide for linguistic correctness and consistency.
Representative of dialectical Diversity
Parliament often serves as a reflection of societal diversity, encompassing various aspects. These aspects include Representation whereby a diverse parliament ideally represents a nation’s multicultural, multilingual, and multiethnic facets. It has members from different regions, backgrounds, religions, genders, and socio-economic statuses, ensuring a broader representation of society’s diversity. Moreover, given variety, the parliament approaches it through policy perspectives, whereby diversity in parliament brings forth a range of perspectives and experiences. It allows for considering multiple viewpoints when creating policies and laws, leading to more comprehensive and inclusive decision-making processes (Rubin, 2010). There is also the idea of Inclusivity and Participation whereby a diverse parliament promotes inclusivity by encouraging the participation of underrepresented groups in governance. This involvement helps address the concerns and needs of marginalized communities, fostering a more equitable society. Cultural Understanding in a Parliament: Members from diverse backgrounds bring cultural understanding and awareness. It can aid in creating legislation that respects and celebrates cultural differences while promoting unity within the nation (King’ei, 2006).
Like a parliament representing various constituents, a Kiswahili dictionary includes words from diverse origins, languages, dialects, and cultures, fostering inclusivity within the language (Dzahene-Quarshie, 2011). In a Kiswahili dictionary, one is likely to find words borrowed from other languages, including but not limited to Arabic, English, Germany Indian, Chinese, Persian and Portuguese. Some vocabularies incorporated into the Kiswahili language include Peni –from English Penny, Meza-from Portuguese translating to “table,” Kitabu-from Arabic word al-Kitab translating to “a book,” Chapati-from Indian. From French came word like divai- “du vin,” shamba-“champ,” sinema- “cinématographe,” disko-“ discothèque,” Menyu-“ məny,” Bajeti-“ bougette” and Shampeni-“ Champagne” (Jao, 2015). Moreover, the Kiswahili language has benefited heavily from its about 26 dialects, thus enjoying its diversity. Additionally, the Kiswahili lexicographers uphold diversity through encompassing vocabularies from governmental bodies and societal diversity, bearing in mind that countries like Kenya and Tanzania use this Language as both an official and national language. Given this, the Kiswahili language dictionary ensures that the words used are diverse.
Reflecting Societal Change
Parliament exercises oversight by reviewing existing standards and laws. It can propose amendments or new legislation to adapt to changing societal needs, technological advancements, or emerging challenges. A Kiswahili dictionary adapts to societal changes, reflecting shifts in culture, technology, and trends by incorporating new words and meanings (Chacha, 1988). It should be noted that Kiswahili dictionaries evolve to incorporate societal changes through several mechanisms. It includes;
Addition of new Words whereby as society develops and new concepts emerge, Kiswahili dictionaries expand their vocabulary by adding new words and terms (Wójtowicz, 2003). These additions often include technological advancements, slang, and phrases related to cultural shifts (Mochiwa, 2007). Also, the dictionary updates Definitions whereby Existing words might acquire new meanings or nuances due to societal changes. Dictionaries update definitions to reflect these changes and ensure accuracy in understanding word usage. The dictionaries tend to reflect the societal changes through Cultural and Regional Variations. Kiswahili is spoken across various regions with unique cultural contexts. Dictionaries often include words, phrases, or idioms specific to the different areas, acknowledging the diversity within the language (Kyama, 2014). There is also the Inclusion of Loanwords whereby Kiswahili, like many languages, absorbs loanwords from other languages due to globalization and cultural exchange. Dictionaries incorporate these loanwords, adapting their spellings and meanings to fit the language’s structure. The lexicographers also Reflect on the Social Trends.
Societal trends are known to influence languages. Kiswahili dictionaries capture expressions, movements, and popular phrases that reflect societal shifts in attitudes, behaviours, or beliefs (Wójtowicz, 2003). The essential thing that the Kiswahili lexicographers do to remain aware of the societal changes is through Consultation and Research. Lexicographers and linguists continuously research and consult with native speakers, writers, scholars, and various communities to stay updated on linguistic changes and societal developments (Kyama, 2014). Moreover, through online Platforms and Collaborations, the online versions of Kiswahili dictionaries allow for more dynamic updates, collaborations, and user contributions (Wójtowicz, 2003). These platforms enable faster inclusion of new words or changes based on user feedback and ongoing linguistic shifts. It is essential to note that by actively engaging with societal changes, Kiswahili dictionaries ensure they remain relevant, accurate, and reflective of the language as it evolves within diverse social contexts.
Authority in Language Matters
A parliament holds authority in legislative matters through its fundamental role as the primary legislative body within a democratic system. It maintains this authority through Lawmaking Powers whereby the parliament possesses the constitutional power to create, amend, and repeal laws. It drafts bills, discusses them, and votes on their passage. Once approved, these laws are binding and form the country’s legal framework (Ekins, 2005). Moreover, its authority is seen through Checks and Balances, whereby in a democratic system, the parliament often acts as a check on the executive branch’s power. It reviews and approves government policies, budgets, and decisions, ensuring they align with the populace’s interests and comply with legal norms. Also, there is authority in the Representative Mandate whereby Parliamentarians are elected representatives chosen by the people, giving Parliament the legitimacy to enact laws on behalf of the citizens (Bradley, 2011). This representative mandate is crucial in asserting the authority of parliament in legislative matters. As if more is needed, through debates and discussions, the parliament provide a platform where its power on proposed laws can be seen. This allows for multiple perspectives to be heard, ensuring that regulations are thoroughly examined, and their implications are considered before enactment. In democratic countries, the authority of the parliament is also seen in the works of the committees. Parliamentary committees scrutinize proposed laws (Bradley, 2011). They conduct research, gather evidence, and make recommendations, contributing to informed decision-making.
Moreover, the constitutional oversight gives the parliament its authority. Parliament’s authority is often enshrined in the constitution, granting it specific powers and responsibilities in the legislative process. These constitutional provisions solidify its role as the supreme legislative body (Reynolds, 1986). A parliament’s authority in legislative matters is derived from its constitutional mandate, representative nature, checks and balances within the government, and its responsibility to enact laws that reflect the society’s needs and values (Thring, 1878).
Similar to how a parliament holds authority in legislative matters, a dictionary is the ultimate source of language-related queries, guiding usage, grammar, and definitions. A standard Kiswahili dictionary establishes authority in language matters through several essential methods (Kanana, 2013). Firstly, it ensures Comprehensive Coverage. By encompassing an extensive range of words, phrases, and idiomatic expressions, a Kiswahili dictionary positions itself as a comprehensive source for language reference. This breadth of coverage helps establish its authority as a primary resource for understanding and using the Kiswahili language (Kanana, 2013). Secondly, a Kiswahili language dictionary upholds the expert Curation. Kiswahili language dictionaries are curated and compiled by language experts, linguists, lexicographers, and scholars who ensure accuracy, consistency, and reliability in definitions, spellings, pronunciations, and usage examples (Dzahene-Quarshie, 2011). Their expertise lends credibility to the dictionary’s authority. Thirdly, it gives Etymological Insight. Many Kiswahili dictionaries include etymological information, tracing words’ historical origins and development (Kanana, 2013). This historical context adds depth to the understanding of Kiswahili and reinforces the authority of the dictionary as a repository of linguistic knowledge. Fourthly, it ensures Regular Updates. Kiswahili, just like any other language, is dynamic and evolves. Kiswahili dictionaries maintain authority by regularly updating their content to include new words, changes in meanings, and emerging linguistic trends. This continual evolution reflects the living nature of language (Blommaert, 2005). Fifth, the Kiswahili dictionary guides the usage. Any standard Kiswahili dictionary teaches correct use, grammar, syntax, and idiomatic expressions. By offering clear explanations and examples, they serve as authoritative sources for understanding how words and phrases should be used in different contexts (Blommaert, 2005). Sixth, the Kiswahili dictionary shows authority in language matters by standardising the Kiswahili language. The Kiswahili dictionaries contribute to standardizing Kiswahili by establishing norms for spelling, pronunciation, and definitions. This standardization helps maintain consistency and clarity in communication, further solidifying their authority (Mazrui & Mazrui, 2007). Seventh, there is authority in these dictionaries through recognition and endorsement of the language. Established Kiswahili dictionaries gain recognition and acceptance from academic institutions, language organizations, and educators. This recognition reinforces their authority and encourages their use as trusted sources in educational and professional settings. Lastly, there is authority in Kiswahili as a language, as seen in the Kiswahili dictionaries through their accessibility and outreach. With the advent of digital platforms, Kiswahili dictionaries have become easily accessible to a broader audience (Whiteley, 2023). Online versions often incorporate user feedback, enhancing their authority through community engagement and collaborative contributions (Reynolds,1986). By amalgamating expertise, extensive coverage, adaptability to linguistic changes, and serving as a reliable reference guide, Kiswahili dictionaries establish and maintain authority in matters about the Kiswahili language, serving as indispensable tools for linguistic understanding and
The roles of Kiswahili Dictionary as a Language Court
A court is often regarded as a governmental institution or entity within the judicial system responsible for resolving legal disputes and administering justice. Courts interpret and apply the law to resolve conflicts between individuals, organizations, or the state (April, 1998). They play a fundamental role in upholding the rule of law and ensuring fair and impartial resolution of legal matters. A standard Kiswahili dictionary can be likened to a court in the realm of language in consideration of its characteristics and functions. Ways in which a Kiswahili dictionary becomes a language court include:
Linguistic Arbitration of Language Disputes
Just as a court settles legal disputes (Posner, 2005), a standard Kiswahili dictionary resolves linguistic conflicts by providing authoritative definitions, usage guidelines, and explanations. It serves as a reference point to settle disagreements about word meanings or usage (Mowbray, 2012). Despite some scholars like Summers (2014) and Anderson & Nagy (1993) pointing out that dictionaries typically do not directly solve disputes, it is worth arguing that the Kiswahili dictionaries serve as references and authorities in linguistic matters (Terrell, 1981). However, they play a crucial role in resolving linguistic disagreements by providing authoritative definitions, examples, and usage guidelines. Linguistic arbitration is done through, firstly, definition Clarification. When people disagree about the meaning of a word or its usage, Kiswahili dictionaries offer clear definitions and examples (Middleton,1992). This can help settle disputes by providing an established, commonly accepted understanding of the word. Secondly, Kiswahili dictionaries reflect standard language usage. This context can be valuable in understanding why certain words might be used in specific ways and help resolve disputes by providing clarity. While the Kiswahili dictionaries do not actively settle disputes, they provide valuable resources and references that individuals, linguists, or language authorities can use to resolve disagreements about language usage, meanings, or interpretations. Ultimately, they serve as authoritative guides that help establish a common ground for understanding and using language (Terrell,1981).
Clauses Interpretation and Clarification of Vocabularies
It is the work and function of a court to interpret and clarify any law made by the legislature. Ideally, similar to how a court interprets and explains rules, Kiswahili dictionaries offer clarifications through various means to ensure users understand words’ meanings, pronunciations, usage, and nuances. These ways include, firstly, through the definition of words. Notably, Kiswahili dictionaries offer concise, clear, and often multiple explanations for words, providing different contexts or shades of meaning. These definitions help users grasp the essence of a word from a multifaceted perspective (Mohamed, 2001). Secondly, the Kiswahili dictionary gives interpretation and clarification of lexicons through the Part-of-Speech Labels. They indicate the grammatical function of a word (noun, verb, adjective, etc.), helping users understand how a word functions within sentences (Mpiranya, 2014). Thirdly, Kiswahili dictionaries, as argued before, give usage Notes. Kiswahili dictionaries intentionally include notes or comments on usage, indicating formal or informal use, regional variations, or guidance on commonly confused words. These notes provide additional context and clarification. Thirdly, the Kiswahili dictionaries often give etymological information. Technically, many Kiswahili dictionaries include information about a word’s origins and historical development. Understanding a word’s etymology can clarify its evolution and various meanings. Fourthly, the Kiswahili dictionaries often give examples and contextual usage of several words. A standard Kiswahili dictionary often provides sentences or phrases that demonstrate how a word is used in context. These examples show the word’s application, helping users understand its usage more effectively (Keach, 1980). Fifthly, some Kiswahili dictionaries usually give synonyms and antonyms. Some of these dictionaries list synonyms (words with similar meanings) and antonyms (words with opposite meanings), aiding in understanding the nuances of a word by comparing it to others (Keach & Rochemont, 1992).
Sixthly, the Kiswahili dictionaries always explain how a word should be pronounced. Most of the time, the Kiswahili dictionaries usually uphold the phonetic transcriptions or symbols to guide users on correct pronunciations (Tucker & Ashton, 1942). It ensures that users can articulate the word accurately. Even in the recently formulated digital dictionaries, the pronunciation is usually given in writing and a speaker icon that can provide an audio pronunciation format. Just like in courts, Kiswahili dictionaries often do provide Cross-References. On many occasions, the Kiswahili dictionaries refer users to related words or entries, offering connections between words and aiding in a deeper understanding of their meanings. By incorporating these elements, Kiswahili dictionaries aim to provide comprehensive and accessible explanations that clarify the meanings, usages, and nuances of words, ensuring users clearly understand the language they encounter (Wójtowicz, 2016).
Preserving Language Integrity
It is the work of the dictionaries to uphold the integrity of the laws. It is done when ensuring that the latter respects and follows the constitution. Just like a court maintains the integrity of laws, Kiswahili dictionaries play a crucial role in preserving language integrity by documenting, standardizing, and providing guidance on language usage (Bresnan & Mchombo, 1995). The Kiswahili Dictionaries establish standardized spelling, pronunciation, and word definitions through Standardization. By presenting a consensus on how words should be used, they maintain consistency and coherence within a language (Madan, 1903).
Historical Records and Precedents
Courts frequently refer to past decisions in similar cases to guide current judgments (Williams, 2003). These precedents create a framework for consistent application of the law and contribute to predictability and stability in legal outcomes. The courts also rely on stare decisis. This principle, meaning “to stand by things decided,” emphasizes that courts should generally adhere to previous rulings and decisions, especially those from higher courts within the same jurisdiction (Rubin, 2010). It forms the basis for legal consistency and respect for established judgments. Given case laws, Accumulated decisions and interpretations of the law over time constitute case law. Courts use these accumulated judgments to guide new cases, ensuring continuity and coherence within the legal system. Historical records and legal precedents form the backbone of judicial decision-making. They provide a framework for consistency, fairness, and continuity within the legal system while allowing for flexibility in interpreting and applying the law in changing contexts (Collier, 1988).
As a court refers to legal precedents, a dictionary often includes historical records of word origins, changes in meaning, and usage over time, providing insights into linguistic evolution. Kiswahili dictionaries, unlike courts, do not operate with a system of legal precedent or historical records in the same manner. However, they maintain records of language usage and historical word meanings to some extent (Geider, 2002). Kiswahili dictionaries can relate to historical documents and precedents through etymological Information. Many Kiswahili dictionaries include etymology, tracing words’ historical origins and development (Robinson, 2024). This historical context provides insight into a word’s evolution, akin to historical records, and contributes to understanding its usage (Rubin, 2010).
Moreover, through the record of word evolution, the Kiswahili dictionary documents changes in word meanings, spellings, and usage over time. They track shifts in language, much like historical records, showcasing how language evolves through different periods. Also, some dictionaries include cultural or historical notes about words, highlighting their significance in specific historical periods or contexts. This additional information provides a broader understanding of a word’s historical relevance. It is essential to know that while dictionaries don’t rely on legal precedents, they maintain a record of language usage and historical meanings, providing a comprehensive view of how words have been used and understood over time (Reynolds, 1986). This serves as a valuable resource for understanding linguistic evolution and usage trends.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Kiswahili dictionaries may be indirectly related to both a parliament and a court in a democratic nation. It does the job which these two independent institutions perform in their respective countries. While a dictionary doesn’t have a democratic process, its role in standardizing, evolving, and representing the language mirrors the functions of a parliament in governing and shaping the linguistic landscape. Given a court, a dictionary may also be related to a court. At the same time, not a literal court, a dictionary’s role in adjudicating language disputes, providing authoritative guidance, and maintaining language standards makes it comparable to a judicial body within linguistics.
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