The Development of European Nations in the 19th Century

Problem-solving

During the great European development in the 19^th Century, significant events, individuals, terms, and places played a significant role in Europe’s development during the 19^th Century. One of the significant events to happen across Europe was the industrial transformation. The major industrial transformation started in the 18^th Century to 1830, primarily limited in Great Britain. The second industrial transformation began in the middle of the 19the Century till the early 20^th Century and happened in Britain, entire Europe, North America, and Japan. These revolutions marked a change to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, Europe, and the united states. one of the essential terms used during the development of European nations in the 19^th Century was scientific invention. This term referred to the scientific development, discoveries, and invention which had a significant impact in the areas of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy that led to the basis for the scientific advances in the 20^th Century. one of Europe and more so Britain was the breeding ground for the development of nations in the 19^th Century. Britain and other European countries experienced revolutions and significant transformations in human and civil rights, democracy, industrialization, and trade in this period. Various individuals played an essential role in the era of the industrial transformation that included James Watt, who played a significant role in improving the steam engine, Richard Trevithick founded the first steam locomotive, which played an essential role in easing transportation which led to substantial growth in the European nations during the 19^th Century.

Comparison between revolution in French with German and Italian unification

There were significant similarities between the French revolution and the German and Italian unification. First, the causes of the revolution and consolidation were almost the same as governance. The French revolution of 1830 was triggered by Charles X’s journal about the restrictive ordinances that conflicted with the spirit of the French charter of 1814. This caused unrest, protest, and demonstration that occurred for three days of fighting the arresting of Charles and the declaration of Louis Philippe as the ruler of French on August 9^th. In the July transformation the bourgeois people secured a political and social power to characterize the July Monarchy.^[1]. The social and political dissatisfaction sparked the France revolutions of 1830 and 148, which triggered revolutions in most states of Europe. It led to job losses, cost of living rose, and blamed the government of fraud.

Similarly, German unification was caused by the Franco-Prussian war. In the event, France was severely overpowered in the Franco war. Napoleon 11 was conquered by the French revolts. This leads to conflict between the southern German states to back Prussian. This unity leads to the amalgamation of Germany.^[2]. Prussia and her associates outshined and outnumbered the French army. The Prussians were well organized as they were well trained, mobilized, and were well equipped with weapons.^[3]. On the other hand, the French army was disorganized, most of their troops were not well trained, and their supplies of weapons and food were inadequate. The French army was severely defeated in the Franco-Prussian war, where the then King of French was overthrown by the French rebellion that took advantage of the situation. This conflict led to Prussia requesting assistance from southern Germany, who were ready to help. The alliance between south Germany and Prussia led to Germany’s unification.

Likewise, the cause of the Italian unification was war and advocating for better government. It began with a conflict about the Italian peninsula, a composite of the states. When the United States proclaimed its sovereignty from Great Britain in 1776. There started warfare between Austria and the radical French administration in 1792; the French conquered the Italian island, joined many Italian federations, and developed them as states. Later, in 1799 the Austrian and Russian troops fought for the French out of the Italian island, which led to the stop of the uncertified states. Later, after the French conquering of the Italian peninsula, they developed it, and the Franco-Austria war began in 1869, which was the primary trigger for Italian amalgamation. The Northern Italian federations conducted voting in 1859 and 1860 and elected to merge the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, which was a significant move near the consolidation, while Piedmont conceded Savoy and Nice for France.

On the events of the French revolution and Italian and German revolution, there were significant similarities and differences in the events that occurred during the French revolution due to the political demonstrations that outlawed in French. Protestors, especially from the low and bourgeois antagonism to the administration, began and started to perform fundraising. The fundraising was meant to evade the government restraint on political assembles and offer a legal channel for widespread censure of the government.^[4]. Various journals were authored that advocated for significant reforms in the French government. The fundraising campaigns continued till all the political dinners were declared illegal by the French administration in February 1848. As an impact of the illegalization of the political feast, people began demonstrations helping to unite efforts to the popular republicans and the liberal Orlneaist who never helped Louse Philippe. The people barricaded roads with the severe demonstration that led to the reassigning of the French prime minister. Paris, the capital, was barricaded, and blazes were set by the angry residents who began meeting on the royal fortress. Philippe Comte de Paris fled to England for fear of his life. Philippe was denied the right to occupy the king’s seat by the republicans. There was the rise of the conservatism who opposed the government due to the high prices of products. Afterward, there were class fights between the middle class and the rich where the poor objected to the rich, leading to the French Revolution’s end.

In contrast, the Italian unification differed from the French revolution, although both revolutions involved violence. The Italian unification, which was affected mainly by other nations, began with the Franco-Austrian war in 1859. This saw a deal between Napoleon III’s France, where Piedmont-Sardinia triggered Austria to pronounce war, leading to war that aided to join the northern Italia states concurrently against one mutual opponent, the Austrian troops. In the outcome of the Franco-Austrian war, there was a significant event of the declaration of the realm of Italy. The states voted and voted to unite Piedmont Sardinia with the ultimate objective of unifying the entire peninsula.^[5] Afterward, there was a significant event where the United States recognized Italian independence in 1861. The United States formally acknowledged the permits of the Chevalier Joseph as Minister Plenipotentiary of the realm of Italy in April 1861. There was an addition of Venetia as a part of Italy in 1866 after the Australian defeat. Finally, there was the incorporation of Rome with Italy in 1870 and became under the Italian kingdom.

Nevertheless, the German unification events differed from the French revolution events, although they were similar since they involved violence. The event of the German unification began with the war with Demark, which was followed by the Austrian –Prussian war, where the Prussians gained help from the southern German states.^[6]Afterward, there were seven weeks of the war in 1866, leading to the northern German confederation in 1867. The final event of the German amalgamation was the Franco-Prussian conflict in 1870-1871, where the Prussian army surrounded the French army and captured the German prisoners who had been detained then including their leader Napoleon III who was the French army had captured.

The Italian unification was the most successful because it brought single states under one single administrative government. Italy became a part of the French kingdom. They gulped the principles of the French transformation, which advocated for liberty equality and reinforced the people’s contribution in the political process.^[7]. While the French revolution was a failure due to significant bloodshed, the laws, civil rights, and codes were not instituted effectively. They did not consider the values and the freedoms citizens fought for. On the other hand, the unification of Germany failed as the war between Germany and Austria were the revolutions were unable to establish a united German state.

The major ideologies in the 19^th Century influenced the causes and results of the French, German and Italian revolutions. These events triggered ideas such as conservatism, nationalism, liberalism, and socialism.^[8]. Conservatism led to fights and revolutions in Germany and Italy to structure their power structures. Nationalism triggered the revolutions in French as the citizens were advocating for their rights and their interest. Also, socialism was used in the French revolution as people advocated for equal control of the resources rather than corruption by government officials.

The revolutions were significant in modern Europe as they led to establishing a democratic government for their time in Europe. The revolutions also contributed to modern Europe by promoting liberty, equity, and heightened nationalism. It also acted as a breeding field for the development of the welfare state. Through the fights and encounters, the people shared great knowledge in science, lifestyle, and livelihood, which triggered the industrial revolution and united Europe. Finally, these events promoted human rights and the need for unity in achieving development.

Bibliography

Collier, Martin. Italian Unification, 1820-71. Vol. 112003. Heinemann, 2003.

de Oliveira, Guilherme, and Carmine Guerriero. “Extractive states: the case of the Italian unification.” International Review of Law and Economics 56 (2018): 142-159.

De Tocqueville, Alexis, J. P. Mayer, A. P. Kerr, Fernand Braudel, George Lawrence, and Danielle Salti. Recollections: The French Revolution of 1848. Routledge, 2017.

Hewitson, Mark. Nationalism in Germany, 1848-1866: Revolutionary Nation. Macmillan International Higher Education, 2010.

Jurkowski, Henryk. A history of European puppetry from its origins to the end of the 19th Century. Edwin Mellen Press, 1996.

Merkl, Peter H. German unification in the European context. Penn State Press, 2010.

Pinkney, David H. French Revolution of 1830. Princeton University Press, 2019.

Uebele, Martin. “National and international market integration in the 19th century: Evidence from comovement.” Explorations in economic history 48, no. 2 (2011): 226-242.

[1] Jurkowski, Henryk. A history of European puppetry from its origins to the end of the 19th Century. Edwin Mellen Press, 1996.

[2] Merkl, Peter H. German unification in the European context. Penn State Press, 2010.

[3] Pinkney, David H. French Revolution of 1830. Princeton University Press, 2019.

[4] Pinkney, David H. French Revolution of 1830. Princeton University Press, 2019.

[5] de Oliveira, Guilherme, and Carmine Guerriero. “Extractive states: the case of the Italian unification.” International Review of Law and Economics 56 (2018): 142-159.

[6] Hewitson, Mark. Nationalism in Germany, 1848-1866: Revolutionary Nation. Macmillan International Higher Education, 2010.

[7] Collier, Martin. Italian Unification, 1820-71. Vol. 112003. Heinemann, 2003.

[8] Uebele, Martin. “National and international market integration in the 19th century: Evidence from comovement.” Explorations in economic history 48, no. 2 (2011): 226-242.