Marginalized/Oppressed Populations:
The Black male and female foster youth aging out and achieving stabilization are two marginalized and oppressed populations of great concern to social work practice. The interest in these populations is due to the disproportionate representation of Black youth in the foster care system and the challenges they face upon aging out of care. The reason for interest in these populations is that they face multiple challenges and are directly related to social work practice. Social workers can work with these populations to address these issues and help them achieve better outcomes (Gómez et al., 2021).
According to the Children’s Bureau, in 2020, Black children accounted for 23% of the children in foster care despite only making up 14% of the general child population. This overrepresentation of Black children in the foster care system is due to various factors, including poverty, systemic racism, and discrimination. Black children also face longer stays in foster care than children of other races, with an average of 20.6 months in care compared to 18.2 months for white children. This longer stay in foster care can lead to adverse outcomes such as instability, trauma, and poor educational outcomes. Social workers can play a critical role in addressing these disparities by advocating for policies that address systemic racism, providing culturally sensitive services, and helping to find permanent homes for Black children in the foster care system.
When Black foster youth age out of care, they face challenges stabilizing and transitioning to independent living. These challenges include a lack of affordable housing, inadequate education and job opportunities, poor mental health outcomes, and involvement with the criminal justice system. According to the National Foster Youth Institute, approximately 20% of youth who age out of foster care will become homeless, and only 50% will have gainful employment by 24.
Black female foster youth aging out of care face additional challenges related to gender and racial discrimination. These challenges are often rooted in systemic inequalities that affect their ability to achieve stability and success. Black women face higher poverty rates, unemployment, and domestic violence, which can compound the difficulties of aging out of foster care. They are also more likely to experience discrimination and bias in education and employment, making it difficult to access the resources they need to succeed. Social workers can play a critical role in addressing these challenges by providing culturally responsive care, advocating for their rights, and addressing systemic inequities perpetuating these disparities. It is essential to provide this population with the necessary support to help them navigate their post-foster care journey.
The overrepresentation of Black youth in the foster care system and the challenges they face upon aging out are pressing issues requiring targeted interventions and social work practitioners’ support. Social workers can play a crucial role in addressing the systemic issues contributing to this overrepresentation, such as poverty, lack of access to healthcare and education, and racial bias in the child welfare system. By advocating for policies that support successful transitions out of care, social workers can help ensure that Black youth have access to the resources they need to thrive as they transition to adulthood. Social workers can also provide direct services to address the specific needs of this population, such as trauma-informed care, educational and vocational training, access to healthcare and mental health services, and assistance with securing stable housing and employment. Social workers can help create a more equitable and just system for Black youth in the foster care system by working collaboratively with other professionals, including educators, healthcare providers, and policymakers.
Special Needs:
Black male and female foster youth aging out of the system face several challenges that are unique to their demographic. These challenges include a lack of social and economic support, lower educational attainment, higher rates of unemployment, and a higher likelihood of involvement with the criminal justice system. These challenges can be attributed to various factors, including historical and current systemic racism, poverty, and the lack of access to resources and opportunities. Despite their resilience and potential, many of these youth struggle to transition into adulthood and achieve long-term stability. It is crucial to recognize and address these systemic barriers to improve the outcomes and well-being of this vulnerable population.
Stability is one of the primary needs of Black male and female foster youth aging out and achieving stabilization. Foster youth often experience significant instability throughout their lives, including frequent moves between foster homes and disruptions in relationships with caregivers (Danaher et al., 2013). This instability can lead to a lack of trust in others and difficulties forming secure attachments, affecting their social and emotional development. Additionally, much foster youth lack access to adequate healthcare and mental health services, which can exacerbate existing mental health conditions or contribute to developing new ones. These factors can create significant challenges for Black male and female foster youth striving to achieve stability and independence as they age out of the system.
Another particular need is support in achieving educational and career goals. Many black male and female foster youth do not receive the same educational support as their non-foster peers, which can lead to a lack of skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in higher education and the workforce. This lack of support can be attributed to a lack of access to resources, a lower quality of education in foster care settings, and the challenges associated with frequent moves.
Moreover, black male and female foster youth may face additional challenges related to their gender and sexual orientation (Ferguson, 2006). For example, black female foster youth may face gender-based violence and discrimination in addition to the challenges faced by all foster youth. Black male foster youth who identify as LGBTQ+ may face additional discrimination and marginalization related to their sexual orientation or gender identity. Overall, the unique needs of these populations are rooted in the systemic oppression and marginalization they face. Factors such as poverty, historical and current racism, and a lack of access to resources and opportunities contribute to the challenges black male and female foster youth face.
Notably, Social workers play a crucial role in addressing the needs of marginalized and oppressed populations, including Black male and female foster youth who are aging out and achieving stabilization (Vera & Speight, 2003). These individuals face multiple challenges, including poverty, limited access to education and healthcare, homelessness, and involvement with the criminal justice system. It is essential for social workers to understand these needs and to work to address them in their practice.
Social workers may need to provide support for stable housing, access to healthcare and mental health services, and educational and career support to promote the well-being and success of Black male and female foster youth. Furthermore, social workers should be aware of the additional challenges these individuals face regarding their gender and sexual orientation and work to create safe and affirming environments for them.
For instance, Black female foster youth are more likely to experience trauma and sexual abuse and face a higher risk of becoming pregnant. Social workers can provide trauma-informed care and access to contraception and reproductive health services to address these issues. On the other hand, black male foster youth have lower rates of high school graduation and higher rates of unemployment, making it critical for social workers to provide educational and vocational training to help them succeed in the workforce. By addressing these unique needs, social workers can help Black male and female foster youth achieve stability and thrive.
Basic Assumptions:
As a marginalized and oppressed group, black male and female foster youth aging out and achieving stabilization face numerous challenges rooted in systemic oppression and discrimination. Social workers who work with these populations must be aware of the basic assumptions that underlie the cultural, ethnic, racial, gender, class, religious, sexual orientation, and disability diversities within these populations.
One basic assumption that underpins the social work practice with black male and female foster youth is that their experiences and needs are unique and different from other populations. These youth have often experienced multiple traumatic events, including abuse, neglect, and abandonment. Such experiences may have lasting consequences, including emotional and behavioural problems and other mental health issues. Furthermore, these experiences have likely been shaped by their race, gender, and other intersecting identities, which may exacerbate their difficulties. For example, black male foster youth may face challenges related to hyper-masculinity and societal expectations of masculinity. In contrast, black female foster youth may face challenges related to intersectional oppression, such as the impact of sexism and racism on their lives.
Another basic assumption is that black male and female foster youth aging out and achieving stabilization face significant barriers to accessing resources and support systems. Many of these youth lack a stable family or social support network, leading to feelings of isolation and a lack of belonging. This can also lead to poor access to education, employment, and other resources necessary for independence and stability. Furthermore, these barriers are often exacerbated by systemic racism and discrimination, which can further limit their access to resources and opportunities (Chavous et al., 2022). For example, black male foster youth may face discrimination in the criminal justice system, while black female foster youth may face discrimination in accessing healthcare services.
Additionally, it is essential to acknowledge that the cultural backgrounds and beliefs of black male and female foster youth may differ from those of mainstream society. For instance, some may have cultural beliefs prioritizing community and familial relationships over individual autonomy, impacting their decision-making processes. As a result, social workers need to be culturally responsive and respectful of the diverse backgrounds of these youth and recognize that their cultural experiences may influence their behaviour and attitudes. Furthermore, social workers must work collaboratively with these youth to understand and incorporate their cultural beliefs and practices in developing interventions and treatment plans tailored to their unique needs.
Finally, it is essential to recognize that black male and female foster youth may also experience discrimination and stigma related to their intersectional identities. They may face biases and stereotypes about their race, gender, and other identities, affecting their self-esteem and self-perception. For example, black male foster youth may face stereotypes related to criminality, while black female foster youth may face sexual promiscuity and irresponsibility (Greeson & Bowen, 2008). As a result, social workers need to work with these youth to challenge and address these stereotypes and empower them to develop positive self-concepts and identities. Social workers can also advocate for policy changes and system reforms that address these intersectional biases and promote equity and justice for black male and female foster youth.
In sum, social workers working with black male and female foster youth aging out and achieving stabilization must be mindful of the unique experiences and challenges these youth face and the diverse cultural backgrounds and beliefs that shape their identities. They must also recognize the systemic barriers and discrimination that may prevent these youth from accessing resources and support systems. By acknowledging these basic assumptions, social workers can effectively advocate for the needs and well-being of black male and female foster youth.
Theories:
One social work practice theory that could be useful in addressing the unique needs of marginalized populations such as black male and female foster youth is the strengths perspective. The strengths perspective emphasizes that all individuals have unique strengths and resources that can be harnessed to promote growth and change (Silverman et al., 2023). This approach focuses on empowering individuals to take control of their lives and emphasizes the importance of building on existing strengths rather than simply addressing deficits.
The strengths perspective can be constructive for black foster youth, who may have experienced numerous challenges and setbacks. Social workers can help foster youth identify their strengths and develop a plan to build on them as they transition into adulthood. For example, a social worker working with a black male foster youth aging out of the system could help him identify his strengths, such as his resiliency and perseverance, and develop a plan to build on those strengths. This might involve helping him identify supportive networks, access educational or vocational opportunities, and develop skills for managing finances and maintaining stable housing. By focusing on their unique strengths, talents, and resources, social workers can help foster youth develop a sense of agency and control, leading to greater resilience and positive outcomes.
Another theory of social work practice that can be useful in working with marginalized populations such as black foster youth is critical race theory (Ortiz & Jani, 2010). This approach focuses on how race and racism operate in society and how they impact individuals and communities. Critical race theory recognizes that racism is a pervasive and ongoing problem that must be actively addressed to achieve social justice. For black foster youth, critical race theory can help highlight how institutional racism may contribute to their marginalization and challenges. Research has shown that black youth are more likely to be placed in foster care and less likely to be reunified with their families than their white counterparts (Greene et al., 2019). By using a critical race lens, social workers can better understand the systemic factors that contribute to these disparities and develop interventions that address the root causes of these issues. Critical race theory can also help social workers recognize how their own biases and assumptions may impact their work with black foster youth and work to mitigate those biases.
While the strengths perspective and critical race theory offer helpful frameworks for working with marginalized populations, they have different emphases and approaches. The strengths perspective focuses on identifying and building on existing strengths and resources of individuals and communities to support positive change. This approach emphasizes the importance of collaboration, empowerment, and self-determination to achieve success. In contrast, critical race theory addresses systemic barriers and oppression contributing to marginalization and inequality. It identifies and dismantles structural inequalities, institutionalized racism, and systemic injustice. Both approaches are committed to promoting social justice and empowering individuals to take control of their lives.
Social workers working with black foster youth can benefit from combining these theories. Using a strengths-based approach, social workers can help foster youth develop and utilize their inherent strengths and resources to overcome challenges and achieve their goals. They can help youth build self-esteem, resilience, and coping skills to navigate their complex challenges, including homelessness, poverty, and limited access to education and healthcare. At the same time, social workers can work with youth to identify and address systemic barriers and oppression that impact their lives, such as discriminatory policies and practices within the child welfare system, education system, and criminal justice system. By combining these approaches, social workers can help black foster youth develop the skills, resources, and resilience needed to achieve stability and success in adulthood.
Theories Challenge:
When working with marginalized and oppressed populations, social workers must critically examine the theoretical frameworks that guide their practice. While many theories can help understand and address the needs of these populations, they can also perpetuate assumptions and biases that undermine adequate support (Málovics et al., 2021). Therefore, social workers must be cautious in selecting and applying theories that align with their values and support the empowerment of individuals and communities. Social workers must also remain vigilant in identifying and challenging any underlying assumptions or biases that may limit their ability to provide adequate support.
One theory that has been widely criticized for its shortcomings when working with marginalized populations is the deficit model. The deficit model assumes that individuals and communities have deficits or weaknesses that need to be addressed to achieve success. This approach can lead to pathologizing and blaming marginalized individuals and communities for their struggles rather than addressing systemic barriers and oppression. For example, the deficit model may assume that individuals experiencing poverty lack motivation or skill rather than recognizing the systemic barriers to education, employment, and housing perpetuating poverty. This approach can also reinforce harmful stereotypes and biases, such as assumptions that individuals from specific racial or ethnic backgrounds are less intelligent or capable (Gelberg et al., 2000). Therefore, social workers must be careful not to adopt a deficit-based approach that reinforces oppression and instead seek to address systemic barriers that limit the potential of marginalized individuals and communities.
Instead, social workers can adopt an asset-based approach that focuses on the strengths and resilience of individuals and communities. This approach is grounded in the understanding that individuals and communities have inherent strengths and assets that can be built upon to achieve success. By highlighting these strengths and promoting their use, social workers can empower marginalized individuals and communities to work towards their goals. For example, rather than assuming that a young person who has experienced foster care is deficient in their ability to form relationships, an asset-based approach might highlight the resilience and adaptability they have developed through their experiences. Social workers must recognize the importance of an asset-based approach in promoting empowerment and combating oppression and the need for ongoing reflection and critical analysis of their practice to ensure that they use theories that support this approach.
Another theory that challenges assumptions about marginalized populations is the intersectionality theory. Intersectionality theory was developed to address the limitations of single-axis theories, which assume that individuals experience oppression based on a single aspect of their identity, such as race or gender. Intersectionality theory recognizes that individuals are complex and multidimensional and that their experiences of oppression are shaped by the intersection of multiple aspects of their identity, such as race, gender, sexuality, class, and ability. This approach acknowledges that individuals and communities experience unique and layered oppression and privilege. These intersecting factors must be considered in understanding their experiences and providing support.
Intersectionality theory challenges the assumption that all individuals within a particular marginalized group have the same experiences and needs. For example, while Black individuals may share a common experience of racism, the experiences and needs of a Black woman may differ from those of a Black man. An intersectional approach recognizes these differences and seeks to provide tailored support that addresses each individual’s unique needs and experiences. This may involve recognizing and addressing intersecting forms of oppression, such as how race and gender intersect to produce unique forms of discrimination and marginalization. It also requires social workers to understand the complex and intersecting forms of oppression and privilege that individuals and communities experience.
While intersectionality theory has been praised for its attention to the complexity of oppression, it has also been criticized for its limitations. Some have argued that intersectionality theory can reinforce the idea of essentialized categories of identity rather than recognizing identity’s fluid and intersectional nature. Others have suggested that intersectionality theory can be difficult to operationalize in practice, as it requires a deep understanding of the complex and intersecting forms of oppression and privilege that individuals and communities experience. Despite these criticisms, intersectionality theory remains a valuable tool for social workers seeking to address the needs of marginalized populations.
Despite these criticisms, intersectionality theory can be a valuable tool for social workers seeking to address the needs of marginalized populations; by recognizing and addressing the intersecting forms of oppression that individuals and communities experience, social workers can provide more tailored and practical support that addresses the root causes of marginalization and oppression. This may involve engaging in advocacy efforts that seek to address systemic barriers and provide individualized support that recognizes each individual’s unique needs and experiences. Ultimately, intersectionality theory helps social workers to approach their work with greater nuance and sensitivity and to work more effectively with individuals and communities to promote greater social justice and equity.
In conclusion, it is essential for social workers to critically examine the theories that guide their practice to effectively and sensitively serve marginalized and oppressed populations. Social workers should be wary of the deficit model, which reinforces oppressive assumptions and pathologizes individuals and communities. Instead, they should adopt an asset-based approach that focuses on the strengths and resilience of individuals and communities. They should be open to incorporating the complexities of intersectionality theory to understand and address the intersecting forms of oppression and privilege that individuals and communities experience (Bottrell, 2009). Social workers have an essential role in advocating for social justice and equity and must be committed to actively challenging oppressive assumptions and advocating for the needs of marginalized populations.
Strengths:
Members of marginalized and oppressed populations often possess unique strengths developed due to their experiences. These strengths can be biological, psychological, or environmental and can be utilized to promote resilience and overcome the challenges they face. In the case of black male and female foster youth aging out and achieving stabilization, there are several strengths that they may possess.
One biological source of strength is the resilience that can develop from exposure to adverse experiences. Black foster youth are often exposed to multiple adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, which can result in adverse health outcomes. However, research has shown that individuals who have experienced ACEs may also develop a heightened ability to cope with stress and adversity. This resilience can be a significant strength for black foster youth as they navigate the challenges of aging out of the foster care system. Social workers can help these youth recognize and utilize their resilience to overcome obstacles.
Psychological strengths may also develop as a result of adverse experiences. Black foster youth often experience isolation, abandonment, and loss due to their experiences in the foster care system. However, these experiences may also foster the development of empathy, emotional intelligence, and a strong sense of self-awareness. These skills can be utilized to build solid relationships and develop a sense of purpose, which is essential for achieving stability after aging out of the foster care system. Social workers can help these youth recognize and build upon their psychological strengths to promote positive outcomes.
Environmental sources of strength may also exist for black foster youth. For example, social support from peers, mentors, or family members can be a powerful source of resilience. Research has shown that having supportive relationships can buffer the adverse effects of ACEs and contribute to positive outcomes in adulthood (Merrick et al., 2018). Additionally, access to resources such as education, job training, and affordable housing can help foster youth achieve stability and independence after aging out of the system. Social workers can help this youth access and leverage these environmental strengths to promote their long-term success.
It is important to note that the strengths black foster youth possess are not unique to this population. Instead, they are characteristics that can develop in response to adversity in any population. However, it is essential to recognize and utilize these strengths to promote resilience and positive outcomes for black foster youth. By doing so, social workers can help empower these youth and promote a sense of agency and control over their lives.
In social work practice, it is essential to incorporate a strengths-based approach that recognizes the unique abilities and resources of the individuals and communities served. This approach emphasizes the potential for growth and change and promotes a sense of empowerment and self-efficacy. By focusing on strengths rather than deficits, social workers can help black foster youth develop a sense of agency and control over their lives, which is essential for achieving stability after aging out of the foster care system. Social workers can also help youth build upon their strengths through goal-setting and action planning.
In addition to a strengths-based approach, it is essential to incorporate culturally responsive practice when working with marginalized and oppressed populations. Culturally responsive practice recognizes the impact of culture on the experiences and needs of individuals and communities. It emphasizes the importance of engaging with individuals and communities in a way that is respectful, responsive, and affirming of their cultural identity (Kum & Porteous, 2019). For black foster youth, this may involve recognizing the impact of systemic racism on their experiences in the foster care system and engaging in advocacy and policy change efforts to address these issues.
In conclusion, black foster youth aging out and achieving stabilization possess many unique strengths developed throughout their experiences. These strengths can range from biological factors, such as physical health and wellness, to psychological factors, such as optimism and resiliency, and environmental factors, including establishing and maintaining positive relationships. By recognizing these strengths and utilizing a strengths-based and culturally responsive approach in social work practice, social workers can recognize and encourage these youth’s positive characteristics. Such a perspective helps foster youth foster a sense of autonomy and control over their lives, which is essential as they transition to adulthood and become independent. By employing such an approach, social workers can facilitate long-term stability for young adults aging out of the foster care system (Müller et al.,2022).
Interventions/Strategies
Based on the theoretical frameworks discussed earlier, several interventions and strategies can be used to assist Black male and female foster youth aging out of the system and achieving stabilization.
From a strengths-based perspective, the focus is on building on the individual’s strengths and resources to promote their well-being and development. One intervention that can be used is the Strengths Perspective, which emphasizes the importance of identifying and utilizing an individual’s strengths and resources to address their needs and challenges.
This approach involves several strategies, including identifying the individual’s strengths, resources, and abilities and using these to develop a plan for achieving their goals. For example, if a Black male foster youth has a musical talent, the social worker can help him to explore how this talent can be used to achieve his goals. The social worker can connect the youth with local music programs, help him to secure a scholarship to a music school, or assist him in setting up his own music business. By focusing on the youth’s strengths, the social worker can help him to build a sense of self-efficacy and resilience, which can help him to overcome the challenges he may face in his transition to adulthood. A strengths-based approach with Black male and female foster youth aging out of the system and achieving stabilization can be an effective intervention strategy. This approach allows social workers to work collaboratively with youth to identify their strengths and resources and to develop a plan that will assist them in achieving their goals. This approach can help to build the youth’s sense of self-efficacy and resilience, which are essential factors in helping them to overcome the challenges they may face in their transition to adulthood.
Another intervention can be the Empowerment Theory, which emphasizes promoting social, economic, and political empowerment among marginalized and oppressed groups. Social workers can utilize this theory by building the individual’s self-esteem and confidence, developing their social networks and connections, and enhancing their access to resources and opportunities (Sadabadi & Rahimi, 2021). Empowerment also involves helping foster youth to become active participants in decision-making processes that affect their lives. This approach can be efficient for Black male foster youth who may have experienced marginalization and oppression in multiple aspects of their lives.
For Black female foster youth, an intervention that can be used is the Feminist Theory. This approach emphasizes the importance of challenging gender-based oppression and promoting gender equality and empowerment (Gallagher, 2004). Social workers can utilize this theory by building the youth’s self-esteem, challenging gender-based stereotypes and discrimination, and promoting access to resources and opportunities. This approach also involves supporting girls and young women in developing a sense of agency and control over their lives. Feminist Theory can be especially effective for Black female foster youth who may have experienced gender-based violence or trauma. It addresses the unique challenges they face as young women in a society that often marginalizes and oppresses them. By applying this approach, social workers can help these young women to achieve stability and empowerment as they transition out of foster care.
One specific strategy that can be used for Black female foster youth is mentorship. Research has shown that mentorship can be an effective intervention for promoting foster care youth’s development and well-being. Mentorship can provide Black female foster youth with a positive role model and a source of support and guidance as they navigate the challenges of their transition to adulthood (Lymbery, 2001). A mentor can also help the youth build their social network and access resources and opportunities they may not have otherwise been exposed.
In addition to these interventions, addressing the systemic and structural barriers contributing to the marginalization and oppression of Black male and female foster youth is essential. This may involve advocating for policy changes that promote equity and social justice and addressing the root causes of poverty, racism, and discrimination. In conclusion, several theoretical frameworks and interventions can be used to support Black male and female foster youth aging out of the system and achieving stabilization. By taking a strengths-based approach and empowering these youth, social workers can help them overcome their challenges and achieve their full potential (Vera & Speight, 2003). Addressing the systemic and structural barriers contributing to these youth’s marginalization and oppression is essential, as advocating for policies and practices promoting equity and social justice.
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