Question 1
Physical Protection: The actual device must also be protected. Protective cases should be used to shelter the device from mishaps, and screen protectors should be purchased to guard against nicks and scratches (Qiu et al., 2020). Additionally, keep the device from being left unattended in public spaces and turn on “Find My Device” capabilities to track it and remotely wipe data in the event of theft or loss.
Security Measures: Strong security measures must be implemented to protect mobile devices from various threats, such as viruses, data breaches, and unauthorized access (Qiu et al., 2020). Data must be encrypted, two-factor authentication must be enabled, solid passwords or biometric authentication methods (such as fingerprint or facial recognition) must be used, and the operating system and apps on the device must be kept up to date to correct any security issues.
Privacy Concerns: Mobile devices are widely used to store sensitive personal data, such as contacts, emails, photos, and financial information. It is essential to carefully examine privacy settings and monitor the permissions given to different programs (Qiu et al., 2020). Avoid using public Wi-Fi networks as they might be subject to data interception, and regularly evaluate and restrict the data that apps can access.
Question 2
A firewall is vital to safety measures since it acts as a defensive barrier between a trusted internal network and an untrusted external network, typically the Internet. It contributes significantly to network security by controlling incoming and outgoing traffic through established rules (Rumez et al., 2020). There are several significant reasons why firewalls are vital. A firewall is the first line of defense against online dangers, including hackers, viruses, and unauthorized access attempts. In order to identify and block potentially dangerous or suspicious traffic and stop hostile actors from breaching the internal network, it inspects network packets and data.
Second, firewalls support the separation of various network parts and the enforcement of network security regulations. They reduce the possibility of data breaches and unauthorized data exfiltration by setting rules and access controls that guarantee that only authorized people and devices can access particular resources within the network (Rumez et al., 2020). Thirdly, firewalls serve as watchdogs that protect internal systems and sensitive data from external threats in today’s interconnected world when organizations rely extensively on the Internet for various services.
Question 3
The EEOS (Economic-Ecologic et al.) The model’s boundedness formulas seek to ensure equal economic distribution and sustainable resource use within ecological bounds. To secure long-term prosperity for society and the environment, the model aims to balance economic expansion with environmental protection (Godzieba et al., 2021). These formulas are intended to prevent resource overexploitation, which could result in environmental deterioration and social inequality, and to maintain equilibrium between economic activity and natural ecosystems. The EEOS Model seeks to advance a circular economy and resource efficiency by limiting resource usage, pollution levels, and other ecological indicators. In order to ensure that economic advantages are equitably distributed throughout the population, the boundedness formulae also handle the issue of wealth distribution. This strategy accepts that unrestrained growth and unequal distribution could cause social unrest and environmental issues (Godzieba et al., 2021). The boundedness formulas of the EEOS Model aim to create a balanced and sustainable system where economic growth is within the bounds of ecological carrying capacity and where the benefits of growth are distributed fairly, promoting a more resilient and just society.
Question 4
Personal information on a business gadget may significantly impact the person using it and the business. Privateness issues arise when personal information is included on a business gadget. Employees could be concerned about their private information being accessed, watched over, or utilized inappropriately by their company or other third parties. If data protection laws are broken, this could result in a breach of trust, lower job satisfaction, and possible legal problems. Personal data on business equipment can present security problems for the Organisation. If these devices are not adequately secured, they are vulnerable to hacking, data breaches, and other cyber-attacks, which could expose sensitive personal data. Such incidents could harm the company’s reputation, put it in danger of legal action, and cause it to incur financial losses through penalties and other corrective action costs (Oliver et al., 2020). Companies must develop clear policies and procedures surrounding using company equipment and personal data to address these issues. To secure business and personal information, they should have strong security measures, such as encryption, strict access limits, and recurring security audits.
Question 5
Future technological breakthroughs and the changing cybersecurity landscape provide several serious hazards to mobile devices. Introducing sophisticated malware and ransomware that boards mobile platforms is among the major risks. As mobile devices become more commonplace daily, cybercriminals may exploit holes in operating systems and applications to gain unauthorized access, steal sensitive data, or hold data for ransom. Another threat is posed by the Internet of Things (IoT), which is increasing the interconnection of mobile devices (Capponi et al., 2019). The potential attack surface for hackers grows as more IoT devices are interconnected, making it simpler for attackers to execute massive attacks and access networks through susceptible mobile endpoints. Furthermore, as mobile devices hold increasingly sensitive financial and personal information, they become tempting targets for financial crime and identity theft. Users may be tricked into disclosing personal information via sophisticated social engineering assaults, phishing scams, and other forms of manipulation.
Question 6
Mobile device loss poses a danger because of the potential repercussions that could damage both the owner and their data. Risks can arise from various scenarios, including theft, unintentional loss, damage, and natural disasters. First, losing the physical equipment itself can have a financial impact, particularly for expensive smartphones and tablets. If these data get into the wrong hands, they could be used for identity theft, financial fraud, and other negative things (Bhattacharya et al., 2019). Furthermore, a misplaced device may jeopardize the security of linked accounts and services. Unauthorized access to email accounts, social media accounts, and other online platforms is possible if the device is not properly secured with strong authentication techniques like PINs, passwords, or biometrics. When mobiles lack these security aspects, the individual information of the phone’s owner will easily be accessed, and the information can be used in committing crimes.
Question 7
Mobile devices and their data are protected from unauthorized users, cyber threats, and privacy breaches by several components that collectively make up mobile security (Wu et al., 2020). The primary elements of mobile security are as follows:
Data encryption: This is an essential element that ensures that data will not be accessible to unauthorized when the mobile phone gets lost.
Secure communication: This element depicts the use of VPN, among other communication protocols, in reaching the Internet on mobile devices.
App security: Reviewing and comprehending app permissions prior to installation is important for ensuring the security of mobile applications. Official app stores and reliable sources should also be used to obtain apps (Wu et al., 2020). This reduces the possibility of downloading harmful or destructive apps that can jeopardize a device’s security.
Enterprises can use mobile device management (MDM) solutions to enforce security standards, remotely control and monitor devices, and enforce data protection measures across a fleet of mobile devices, guaranteeing a uniform degree of security and compliance.
Biometric authentication: Since fingerprints, facial characteristics, or iris scans are difficult to copy or fake, using biometric data for device unlocking and user authentication adds an extra degree of protection.
Question 8
Risks associated with using corporate data on personal devices include the potential for data breaches, the loss of sensitive data, and hampered business operations.
Causes of this risk:
Lost or Stolen Devices: Personal devices used by employees for work are readily lost, stolen, or misplaced. Without appropriate security measures, including device encryption or remote wiping capabilities, the company data on these devices become vulnerable to unauthorized access. Data breaches or the improper handling of sensitive information could emerge from this circumstance, resulting in monetary losses, reputational harm, and compliance problems.
BYOD Policies: To increase flexibility and productivity, many businesses permit employees to use their devices for work-related tasks (Kollnig et al., 2021). This practice, nevertheless, might pose security risks. Personal devices could be less secure than those given by the corporation, making them more vulnerable to malware, data leaks, and unauthorized access. Employees may also unintentionally expose business data to risks by connecting to insecure networks or using personal applications.
Question 9
The protection and assurance of security measures applied to web services, which are software components facilitating communication and data exchange via the Internet, is called security (Kumar & Goyal, 2019). Web services are frequently used to enable interactions between many systems and apps; therefore, maintaining their security is crucial to avoiding hacking attempts, data breaches, and other online dangers.
The seven aspects of security include,
Authentication: Verifying that people interacting with a web service are who they say they are.
Authorization: Limiting access to particular web service features and resources based on the authenticated user’s rights.
Data Confidentiality: The encryption of data during transmission and storage to prevent unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information.
Data integrity: Ensuring that data is processed and transported without alteration and without being corrupted.
Message Confidentiality: Secure communication between users and web service providers by protecting message content from prying eyes and unauthorized interceptors.
Non-Repudiation: Ensuring that neither the sender nor the recipient of a message may refute receiving it.
Web Service Availability: Implementing strategies like load balancing and redundancy to preserve the availability of web services (Kumar & Goyal, 2019).
Question 10
DoS: According to Sharma et al. (2021), a DoS attack is a malicious attempt to prevent a network, system, or website from working normally by flooding it with a lot of traffic or resource demands. The attack aims to exhaust the target’s resources, render it sluggish or unresponsive, and stop authorized users from utilizing the service.
Bluebug: Blue bugging is a sort of attack that targets Bluetooth-enabled devices and uses flaws to take over and access the target device without authorization (Sharma et al., 2021). The attacker can remotely carry out a variety of actions, such as initiating calls, sending messages, getting access to personal data, and listening in on conversations without the user’s knowledge or consent.
“Bluejacking,” a typically innocent sort of Bluetooth assault, is the act of sending unwanted messages or spam to nearby Bluetooth-enabled devices (Sharma et al., 2021). To send messages or contact cards to other devices in the area, the attacker takes advantage of the device’s Bluetooth discoverability capability.
Snarf (Bluetooth Snaring): Bluetooth snarfing is a more serious attack in which a perpetrator intercepts and takes private information from a Bluetooth-enabled device, such as contact information, text messages, or files (Sharma et al., 2021). To obtain unauthorized access to the target device’s data, the attacker uses flaws in the Bluetooth protocol.
References
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Capponi, A., Fiandrino, C., Kantarci, B., Foschini, L., Kliazovich, D., & Bouvry, P. (2019). A survey on mobile crowdsensing systems: Challenges, solutions, and opportunities. IEEE communications surveys & Tutorials, 21(3), 2419-2465.
Godzieba, D. A., Radice, D., & Bernuzzi, S. (2021). On the maximum mass of neutron stars and GW190814. The Astrophysical Journal, 908(2), 122.
Kollnig, K., Shuba, A., Binns, R., Van Kleek, M., & Shadbolt, N. (2021). Are iphones better for privacy? Comparative study of ios and Android apps. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.13722.
Kumar, R., & Goyal, R. (2019). A survey on cloud security requirements, threats, vulnerabilities, and countermeasures. Computer Science Review, 33, 1-48.
Oliver, N., Lepri, B., Sterly, H., Lambiotte, R., Deletaille, S., De Nadai, M., … & Vinck, P. (2020). Mobile phone data for informing public health actions across the COVID-19 pandemic life cycle. Science advances, 6(23), eabc0764.
Qiu, S., Wang, D., Xu, G., & Kumari, S. (2020). Practical and provably secure three-factor authentication protocol based on extended chaotic maps for mobile lightweight devices. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 19(2), 1338-1351.
Rumez, M., Grimm, D., Kriesten, R., & Sax, E. (2020). An overview of automotive service-oriented architectures and implications for security countermeasures. IEEE Access, 8, 221852-221870.
Sharma, P., Jain, S., Gupta, S., & Chamola, V. (2021). Role of machine learning and deep learning in securing 5G-driven industrial IoT applications. Ad Hoc Networks, p. 123, 102685.
Wu, D., Moody, G. D., Zhang, J., & Lowry, P. B. (2020). Effects of the design of mobile security notifications and mobile app usability on users’ security perceptions and continued use intention. Information & Management, 57(5), 103235.
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