Abstract
The Internet of Everything can be considered a superset of the well-known Internet of Things (IoT). The Internet of Everything entails interconnecting of people, processes, data, and things through a network. It ties all of these ideas together into a single reality. The Internet of Everything is advancing the Internet of Things’ pillars, encompassing intelligent network systems. A different pattern for establishing the IoE has emerged as a result of the convergence of many technologies. The Internet of Everything (IoE) is a global network that connects people, objects, and intelligent gadgets to share services and information. This paper focuses on the revolutionary architecture of the IoE and its applications. It discusses the four elements of the IoE, including people, things, processes, and data. The paper discusses the effects of the Internet of Everything on individuals, businesses, and governments. Also, it elaborates on the power of connection and the potential of IoE in the future. Lastly, the paper highlights the possible barriers to technology as well as the ways to overcome them.
The Internet of Everything
The Internet of Everything refers to consumer products and devices interconnected through the Internet and have additional digital capabilities. The Internet of Everything depicts a completely connected world via the Internet. The Internet of Everything generates a cyber-physical realm around us. The Internet of Everything will alter the way people live, work, and play. The Internet of Everything will transform the characteristics and functioning of homes, business and governments.
Advances of the IoE
The IoE technology is developed as an advancement of the IoT by adding extra capabilities that allow convergence of systems and be visible across different places via a global network that is secure, intelligent, and reliable. As a result, IoE reimagines how organizations deliver value regarding technologies, business strategies, machine-to-machine, and people-to-machine interaction.
There was a determination to link more “things” to the Internet as soon as it was developed. Today, the Internet connects between 10 billion and 15 billion devices, up from the relatively small number of computers that comprise the ARPANET. Even so, today, just about 1 percent of devices are interconnected to the Internet.
In terms of eras or phases, numerous organizations are presently experiencing the IoT, which is the networked connectivity of physical devices and the many technology shifts that create higher value for business firms that embrace the IoE. As things gain capabilities such as energy dependence, increased power of processing, and context awareness, and as more individuals and innovative forms of information become connected, the IoT evolves into an Internet of Everything — a system of networks with a vast number of connections that generate unprecedented opportunities while also introducing new risks.
Applications of IoE
IoE includes public and private sector technological solutions that enhance cost optimization, productivity, development, innovation, security, global resource management, and community betterment global resource management. Examples of IoE solutions include manufacturing, transportation, automotive, smartphones, utilities, security, public safety, energy, warehousing, retail, surveillance, financial services, healthcare, industrial, and distribution, among other solutions.
The IoE is an emerging area of research that will enable the entire world to be interconnected, from small sensors to individuals, automobiles, and machines, by providing seamless connectedness and autonomous synchronization of a significant number of sensors, computing nodes, data, entities, processes, people, and machines through the connection to the Internet in a secure environment. IoE has the potential to revolutionize the entire world in terms of how people connect, how they think about work, how they use technology, how they extend human awareness, how humans collaborate with people and machines, and how they operate in previously unimaginable environments. It gives rise to a new connection, miniaturization, interoperability, and energy-efficiency concerns being met with revolutionary, innovative solutions. The IoE framework is highly flexible, scalable, flexible, and secure, and it manages billions of all types of nodes, all of which use highly advanced protocols to authenticate their identities online, confirm their integrity, and in a secure manner communicate via a global network, allowing them to communicate and collaborate. IoE provides maintenance, change of ownership, message transmission, and other procedures to these nodes from the beginning to the end of their lives in a valuable and reliable manner. IoE facilities across various sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture, payment, IoT gateways, healthcare, industrial ecosystems, and smart grid all benefit from the IoE features.
Security is a top priority for people, data, processes, and things, and it must be pervasive as the IoE grows. As a result, security solutions should safeguard the devices, programs, users, data, networks, and things that make up the IoE. Such systems should work together collaboratively and intelligently to accomplish the desired mission.
Components of IOE
Before delving deeper into the Internet of Everything, it is imperative to agree on a common concept. IoE connects individuals, data, processes, and things to render networked interactions more pertinent and useful than before, transforming data into actions that give organizations, individuals, and countries new skills, richer experiences, and unparalleled economic opportunities. IoE comprises four components: people, data, processes, and things.
People: Individuals will be capable of connecting to the Internet in various ways with the IoE. Nowadays, most people access the Internet via devices (including computers, tablets, smartphones, and televisions) and social media (such as Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, and LinkedIn). People will be interconnected in more appropriate and constructive means as the Internet progresses towards the IoE (Raj & Prakash, 2018). For instance, people may be enabled to take a pill to sense and report the health status of their digestive system to a physician over a network or internet connection in the future. Furthermore, sensors placed over the skin or embedded into garments may come to offer data on an individual’s vital indicators. People might become nodes within the internet connection with static personal data and a continually showing activity system.
Data: In the Internet of Things, devices collect data and send it through the internet connection to a centralized source, where it is processed and analyzed. Things connected via the Internet will grow more intelligent as their capabilities improve, synthesizing information into more useful data. According to Raj and Prakash (2018), connected things (devices and sensors) will soon transmit higher-level data back to computers, machines, and humans for advanced analysis and decision making, rather than merely reporting raw data. In the IoT, this translation from data into information is critical as it will enable people to generate faster, more informed decisions and better govern their surroundings.
Things: This category includes physical items such as sensors, consumer gadgets, and business resources linked to the Internet and one another. In the IoE, such items will detect additional data, be context-aware, and deliver more experimental information that can assist humans and machines in making more relevant and meaningful decisions. Smart sensors integrated into structures such as bridges or buildings and disposable sensors embedded on normal goods such as milk cartons are illustrations of “things” within the IoE.
Process: In the linked realm of IoE, the process is critical to how all of these elements — people, things, and data — interact with one another to deliver value. Since the appropriate information is sent to the appropriate person at the appropriate time and in the proper manner, connections become meaningful and offer value when the process is followed correctly.
Exponential Growth and Power of Connections (Network Effects)
A connection of networks established on a vast number of connections within the IoE presents tremendous potential as well as new vulnerabilities. The reason or explanation can be found in the network’s exponential power, known as ‘network effects’ (Miraz et al., 2018). The network effects are usually associated with the ‘Metcalfe’s law’ (so-called after Robert Metcalfe, the 3Com pioneer and a renowned technologist), which holds that a network’s value rises proportionately to the square of the total number of users. Organizations’ efforts to leverage network effects via the newer and deep connections enabled by IoE will fundamentally impact the coming decade’s competitive dynamics.
Indeed, in the perspective of a “connections economy,” one of the basic concepts of IoE is that value may ensue to those that best embody, foster, and utilize network effects. In contrast, much of today’s management thought relies on linear reactions to change. Essentially, humans have a propensity towards thinking in linear terms. However, exponential transformation, such as the Internet of Everything, necessitates that people’s responses to change become exponential as well. Leaders in government and business must shift from being swept away by disruptive network effects towards creating and directing them toward positive outcomes.
Individual lives are certainly being revolutionized, just as competitiveness dynamics. Humans encounter network effects in daily lives as consumers, citizens, and businesspersons: the world-wide-web, infectious diseases, extreme events, the knowledge and understanding of crowds, social media, file sharing, financial contagion, and user-generated content are all direct consequences of network effects which have recently entered the public consciousness (Kumar, Narayanan & Kaur, 2021). When the nodes or users in a network are interconnected so that “the whole is greater than the total of its components,” a basic network effect is created. Network effects seem to be at the core of the Internet of Everything. The exponential power from the Internet would allow people to generate exponential reactions to the odd issues experienced by people, businesses, and nations by merging people, processes, things, and data.
The Effects of IOE
The actual extent of success entails the benefits that converging people, data, things, and process brings to humanity. Because the Internet of Everything will change within the next decade, it is crucial to look at the present and future instances. People also consider that the IoE will have various effects on individuals, corporations, and countries.
Humans: People use their senses to perceive the world, such as touch, smell, taste, hearing, and sight. IoE would become an exponential surrogate for perceiving, interpreting, and managing human surroundings in this perspective. Previously voiceless things now have a voice owing to IoE.
Businesses: Delivering a profit is a key to business success. The IoE will assist organizations in achieving this aim by providing additional opportunities for increased efficiencies and optimization.
Countries: Although there are numerous types of administration, transparency is essential for nations to provide services to the residents. When used effectively to warrant safety, privacy, and security, the IoE may empower all branches of administrations to boost openness, thus benefiting everyone.
The Need for Government to Focus on IoE
Governments at all levels, including city, state/provincial, and federal, face a similar challenge worldwide: how to fulfill rising citizen expectations while operating on lower or static budgets. As a result of this difficulty, the gap between what governments offer and citizen expectations is widening. In addition, plenty of other concerns must be addressed at all levels of government, including federal, state, local, defense, education, and healthcare.
The IoE, perhaps more than any other technological advancement since the inception of the Internet, has enormous potential for assisting public-sector leaders in addressing their numerous challenges, including the current gap between expectations of citizens and what government agencies are providing.
Governments may use the IoE to achieve major improvements in services to the citizens. For instance, the IoE will allow governments to develop services that use crowdsourcing and Big Data to boost the efficiency of machine-to-machine connections for citizen delivery. Government agencies and cities, as major organizations, may immediately profit from the same innovative technologies that are revolutionizing logistic and supply-chain management in the commercial sector. They can also use mobile technology to produce “smart working” for their staff, which will result in huge cost reductions. “Smart building” solutions can also save money while having a positive influence on the environment.
The IoE’s transformative influence within the public sector can be realized through a comprehensive transformation of how services are planned and how information is used to fulfill citizens’ requirements better. The availability of real-time details relating to diverse citizen behaviors — including location, the way commodities are transferred across borders, residents’ product preferences, and their plans — would provide immediate IoE benefits (Kumar, Narayanan & Kaur, 2021). Big Data and its accompanying analytics would provide increasingly predictive analysis and, consequently, improvements to infrastructural development when applied to huge populations. These skills will also enable better forecasting of developing trends, short-term demand variations caused by external sources (such as public events or weather), and improved emergency response management. Predictive modeling has already been utilized in the field of security and safety to help police officers better deploy their resources to combat crime.
These advancements are already fueling sector-specific Internet of Everything infrastructure programs that serve strategic policy goals for a government, such as critical infrastructure protection, early-warning systems, smart metering, and smart grid.
Future of IoE
In a broad range of applications, new IoE services and products are starting to emerge regularly. With the fast-growing number of IoE application areas, it is increasingly difficult to determine where new applications fit into the IoE-enabled corporate ecosystem. Business strategists, IoE developers, and researchers must assess where a novel IoE advancement works along with existing programs to determine whether it enables something unique and new, a considerable variation about an existing solution, or simply a repeating of what is already there (Langley et al., 2021). This determination would be based on a simple, thorough, and expandable classification of IoE applications. Product smartness is discussed in terms of capabilities and connectivity.
Capability characterizes reactive smart objects as having the capacity to adapt to a dynamic environment. Adaptive smart objects can alter their actions to changes over time, for example, through learning from usage patterns or historical data. Autonomous smart things are capable of acting without the need for direct human involvement (Langley et al., 2021). Cooperative smart objects have the capacity to communicate with other IoE components in order to collaborate on a common goal. Multi-functionality is the ultimate smartness feature, which entails combining and supporting several functionalities in one device. However, because of the taxonomy’s other dimension, connectivity, designers do not see the value in concentrating on multi-functional items when a collection of connected, unifunctional things may achieve the same result. As a result, multi-functionality is no longer included in the taxonomy. As a result, people use four smartness characteristics to describe how intelligent objects might be reactive, adaptable, autonomous, and collaborative. Although each of such capabilities would be a technological success in and of itself, the highest levels of intelligence can be obtained when they are combined.
Connectivity is important for the IoE, which we discuss three levels. A closed system is one in which physical or technical precautions are made to prevent external influences from influencing a limited and designated set of things (Langley et al., 2021). This then becomes a self-contained network that may or may not be regarded as part of the IoE. An open platform with a limited communication protocol describes the connectivity between a bigger collection of undefined entities that can only link if they follow certain guidelines and regulations. Such rules and regulations may be intended to limit connection access to a subgroup of IoE-connected devices, but they could be a temporary solution until internationally agreed-upon standards and protocols are established. Lastly, an open system featuring full interoperability describes the condition in which connected objects have unlimited access to one another and all IoE constituents. Each thing fully comprehends the communication of the others (Langley et al., 2021). We may define rising levels of intellectual prowess for things in the IoE as they grow more capable and connected by combining these two aspects of capabilities and connectivity.
According to Evans (2012) the following are some of the future trends that may result from the advancement of the IoE.
Combating climate change: Although it may seem far off in the future (and perhaps absurd to some), the Internet of Everything will someday help people become responsible stewards of scarce resources by transforming how humans perceive, comprehend, and even manage their surroundings (Evans, 2012). People will be able to practically hear the world’s “sensations” as more sensors are put throughout the world and in the atmosphere. People shall be able to tell whether the planet is safe or suffering. With this intimate awareness, humans can begin to address some of the most important issues, such as hunger and assuring the availability of safe drinking water.
Hunger: In the advent of the IoE, farmers may be capacitated to sow crops that will have the best chance of success by studying and anticipating long-term climate patterns (Evans, 2012). Once the crops have been harvested, the global food systems will be supported by more effective and useful (and hence less expensive) distribution methods, which will allow food to be distributed and delivered from locations of abundance to places of deprivation.
Safe to drink water: Although the Internet of Everything may not be capable of providing water where it is most needed, it may be able to address various of the issues that are threatening the supply of clean water, including industrial effluents unsustainable agricultural production, and improper urban planning. For instance, smart sensors installed across a public water supply would be capable of detecting a leak and immediately redirecting water and thus avoiding waste (Evans, 2012). The same sensors will notify utility employees, allowing the problem to be resolved as resources become available.
It is essential to consider how individuals, businesses, and nations may participate and gain from the numerous processes and components that must collaborate for this possibility to become a reality. The possibilities are nearly endless.
Overcoming Possible Barriers
As the Internet of Everything matures over the next ten years, it may encounter numerous challenges. Some of these issues will be recognizable to everyone, such as reliability, privacy, and security, while others may necessitate open political and social debates. Additionally, several technical hurdles will need to be addressed as the Internet of Everything pushes the limits of what people currently know is achievable in terms of analytics, storage, and network protocols. While the sum of connections grows, IPv6 has to become a reality (Jara, Ladid & Gómez-Skarmeta, 2013). Getting the energy sources to power the vast number of small (even microscopic) devices is another challenge (Fan et al., 2019). To meet these problems, government agencies, standards agencies, enterprises, and even individuals will need to work together in a cooperative spirit.
Conclusion
The Internet of Everything is an advancement of the Internet of Things. The developing technology seeks to interconnect people, things, data, and processes through a network. The advent of technology offers numerous advantages to humans, nations, and businesses. However, as the technology is bound to expand due to network effects, it presents challenges such as power, security, and privacy. However, individuals and governments working in collaboration would overcome the impeding barriers.
References
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