Introduction
Katherine Jones is a British entrepreneur who deals with painting and print-making techniques. Her business revolves around perceptions of danger and safety, focusing on ordinary objects, buildings and spaces as a framework to question such themes. Her public collections include the V & Aprints and drawings collection, The Ashmolean Museum, Yale University Library and the House of Lords. Her ideas are often exchanged between watercolour, etchings and collagraph paints. Katherine builds layers, overlays, markers and colours to create rich, nuanced surfaces.
This paper aims to critically appraise an issue affecting the global environment relevant to this entrepreneur. For instance, the process of making art through paint consumes a significant amount of water and chemicals that may lead to the release of wastewater. Hanafi and Sapawe, 2020 report that approximately 70% of wastewater produced by the paint manufacturing industry is released into natural water bodies which causes water pollution. The enterprise may generate about 80 million gallons of wastewater in a day. This wastewater contains higher levels of chemical oxygen demand from the substances used in the creation process.
Also, hazardous gases are released into the air during painting, which may harm human health. The volatile organic compounds released are dangerous air pollutants which can negatively affect the global environment by polluting groundwater and drinking water. Therefore, this study will consider chemical pollution as one of the significant issues affecting the global environment and its implications in the Katherine Jones Enterprise. Paint is believed to comprise significant chemicals that affect human life when released into the atmosphere and may lead to biodiversity loss. This will be discussed in detail in the course of the study.
Critical discussion of international entrepreneurship (500 words).
Internationalisation is an entrepreneurial behaviour oriented to enacting, discovering, evaluating and exploiting opportunities across national borders to create value and gain a competitive advantage. There are three antecedents influencing the international opportunity of entrepreneurship. These are individual, environmental and firm. In the individual-level analysis, human and social capital features determine why some individuals pursue specific international opportunities. In this case, individuals with a high entrepreneurial intention are perceived to have self-efficacy and desirability and are psychologically equipped to undertake international opportunities. Tabares et al. 2021 reveal that continuous individual investment in training, education and language acquisitions are determinant factors in chasing international opportunities. Also, prior entrepreneurial and internationalisation experience, strategies and experience in cultural diversity help individuals identify a wide range of international opportunities (Zahra et al. 2005).
At the firm level, various factors related to the firm’s culture, knowledge-based resources, strategy and networks are significant in exploiting international opportunities (Tabares, 2020). (Tabares, 2020. P.91 elaborates that a firm’s culture of shared beliefs and values helps understand organisational performance by providing the norms for their behaviour and actions. In this way, a firm’s culture is a sustainable source of competitive advantage, enabling firms to exploit foreign market opportunities. According to Ireland et al. 2002, and Tabares et al. 2021 a firm’s knowledge-based resources create undertaking opportunities in the foreign market. According to this variable, control and access to unique resources allow firms to gain a competitive advantage in the international markets. Collective routines in firms integrate knowledge-based resources to achieve a competitive advantage. Enterprises leverage their capacity to discover international opportunities through prior knowledge acquired through international networks, markets and technical knowledge.
Lastly, environmental conditions shape the attitude of enterprises toward going international. The context of technological advancement consists of the internet and other information communication technologies, and the foreign context is comprised of political, economic, social, cultural and legal features. These environmental factors enable the way different enterprises undertake international opportunities. Rapid technological improvement has paved the way for Small-Medium Enterprises to exploit increased opportunities brought by lessening barriers to internationalisation (Bagheri et al. 2019). Technological revolutions give enterprises a new way of operating in the international market, communicating ideas, acquiring knowledge and information and co-creating with others, allowing a quick and successful international business operation. Economic liberalisation opens frontiers, allowing firms to go international in an accelerated way.
Additionally, a country’s property rights protection promotes enterprise stability leading to more opportunity-related behaviour. Social-cultural values strongly influence how enterprises conduct their international business operations. For instance, cultural values around a social community, such as joint ventures, influence enterprises’ opportunity development. The benefits of international entrepreneurship include the following:
Market expansion: International entrepreneurship offer opportunities for enterprises to tap into a more extensive customer base and increase their revenue potential.
Access to diverse resources: International enterprises have access to a wide range of resources such as technology, raw materials and labour; in this case, they collaborate with global partners and suppliers to access expertise.
Risk diversification: tapping into multiple countries help entrepreneurs diversify their business risks. Operating businesses in different markets reduces the dependency on a single market and mitigates risks that come along with economic downturns and regulatory compliances.
Critical appraisal of the chosen issue affecting the global environment (600 words).
Chemical pollution is a significant issue in art and painting enterprises that is affecting the global environment. Although art and painting are effective forms of cultural heritage and entrepreneurial activity for Katherine Jones, it involves various chemicals that can affect the environment. This section critically appraises the environmental impact of chemical pollution from art and painting enterprises.
Release of toxic substances: Most materials used in the art include dyes, pigments, fixatives, and some solvents containing toxic substances and volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as cadmium (La Nasa et al. 2016). The pigment is carried by resin or a binding product. Some acrylic paints used contain plastic compounds with arsenic and formaldehyde. Such paints require high solvents with VOC for cleaning and upkeep. These chemicals drain into soil and water bodies, causing pollution to the ecosystem and risk to human health.
Additionally, these Volatile Organic Compounds react with oxygen to form an ozone layer in the presence of climate, which is thought to be a contributory factor to global warming (Ismail and Hameed, 2013). The improper disposal of paint residues causes water contamination (Elbeshbishy and Okoye, 2019). The toxic chemicals harm aquatic life and disrupt the ecosystems, threatening humans and wildlife. Also, the paint residues contain chemicals that may be unsafe for sewage workers and damaged treatment plant equipment. Air Pollution: Additionally, air pollutants released from paint products form ground-level ozone, referred to as smog which negatively affects the soil (Ma et al. 2012). Adversely, this smog affects human health and also leads to climate change. Waste generation: Art generates waste products, including used paint brushes, empty paint cans and contaminated rags. If this waste is not handled correctly, it can build up to form landfills and release dangerous substances into the air, soil and water (Massari et al. 2014). Petroleum is sometimes used in conventional painting, which contributes to a wide range of environmental issues. For instance, petroleum production has increased oil spills in protected wildlife around the globe. In this case, petroleum use has increased the depletion of natural resources in most less-developed states, leading to biodiversity loss.
Art and painting constitute chemical pollution, which has a global environmental impact. The chemical pollutants have global ramifications as they can move through air and water for long distances affecting the ecosystem far from the source (Grimm et al. 2008). This calls for immediate address of the issue globally, considering the environment’s interconnectedness. For instance, fostering eco-friendly art and painting materials such as water-based paints, no-VOC or low-VOC products and natural pigments (Schieweck and Bock, 2015). Additionally, encourages proper waste management practices such as reusing, recycling and safe disposal of paint residues and art materials (Mostafa and Peters, 2017). Also, creating awareness among artists and the public on the environmental impact of art materials and the significance of sustainable practices can reduce the environmental impact and preserve artistic value. The authority through Environmental Protection Agency can pass regulations to restrict the use of hazardous materials in art and painting. It should also push manufacturers to produce eco-friendly paints and sell them to the market.
Relevance/implications of the chosen issue from Section 3 to the selected entrepreneur and their enterprise and future internationalisation aims or potential (500 words).
Chemical pollution from art and painting significantly complicates entrepreneur Lathrine Jones and her enterprise and its internationalisation potential. These are;
Compliance with regulations
Internationalisation revolves around showcasing artistic work in multiple countries where each state has environmental regulations and standards. As Katherine aspires to internationalise her enterprise, she will encounter various regulations concerning chemical usage and water management in various countries. This may challenge her artistic vision and additional costs for compliance. In this case, she should be aware of and comply with such regulations to avoid legal problems and ensure her artistic work is exhibited without environmental issues. She should also consider the knowledge of chemical pollution and take several measures to mitigate it (Diamond et al. 2015). This would demonstrate her commitment to international standards and professionalism. Also, this would demonstrate her ethical and sustainability consideration in the international market and enhance her brand’s reputation.
Environmental Consciousness
The global awareness of environmental issues has grown, increasing the demand for eco-friendly and sustainable practices in the art industry. Perhaps, artists who prioritise environmental consciousness in reducing chemical pollution have established their reputation and appeal to environment-friendly audiences (Rehman and Shrivastava, 2013). Therefore, embracing sustainable practices aligns with international art values and institutions that stress environmental responsibility. Katherine Jones can leverage her artistic enterprise to raise awareness of the implications of chemical pollution and engage with global audiences with similar concerns.
Collaboration and Exhibition
Often, internationalisation involves collaborating with suppliers and local partners in multiple countries (Chetty and Holm, 2000). Similarly, internationalising an art enterprise would need collaborating with curators, institutions and artists from multiple countries. However, chemical pollution affects the feasibility and logistics of such collaborations. For instance, regions with high chemical pollution can deter curators and other artists from participating in exhibition projects (Jónsdóttir, 2017). In this case, Katherine Jones should prioritise eco-friendly practices to position her enterprise as attractive for global collaborators and expand opportunities for display and recognition.
Health and Safety Implications
Chemical pollution in regions with higher industrial activity or improper waste disposal poses significant health risks to humans, such as Katherine JONES. Therefore, exposure to such toxic substances can lead to health issues such as respiratory disorders, affecting her ability to work in the international market (Manisalidis et al. 2020).
Market demand and opportunities
The demand for eco-friendly products and practices is rapidly growing across all industries, including art (Sarkar, 2013). In this case, artists who adopt sustainable techniques tap into the evolving market and potentially attract new buyers who particularly seek out eco-friendly artwork. In this case, Katherine Jones can showcase her commitment to environmental responsibility and be creative to improve her enterprise’s marketability and potential for international success.
Cultural Exchange and Resonance
Artists who rely on sustainable materials and address environmental issues through their work can contribute to a comprehensive discussion around cultural exchange and sustainability (Kindvall, 2019). In this case, Katherine Jones can use her artwork to create awareness and initiate conversations about the environmental impact of the work. This can create resonance and interest internationally, leading to invites for exhibitions and participation in global art events centred on environmental themes (Bower, 2016).
Conclusion
In conclusion, Chemical pollution is a typical art and paint issue that affects the global environment. The effects, such as the formation of underground smog, the ozone layer in the presence of sunlight causing global warming, risks to human health, and loss of biodiversity, among others, have been discussed. The implication of this issue to entrepreneurs such as Katherine Jones with internationalisation potential is relevant. Considering sustainable artists’ practices and addressing environmental concerns can help the entrepreneur align with the changing market demands. Generally, e, bracing eco-friendly art support Katherine’s internationalisation potential and contributes to a more sustainable and responsible art world.
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