Description and bioethical
PGD refers as Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis, is the process in which embryos obtained through IVF(In Vitro Fertilization) are genetically screened before implantation to find aneuploidy or diseases(Assisted Procreation, 2007). This method may be considered unethical, primarily because it creates an opportunity to choose embryos on the grounds of desired features and thus leads to a society that could think along the lines of designer babies: surrogate motherhood designated woman who happens to carry and deliver children on behalf of another couple or individual. Ethical issues associated with surrogacy center on the commercialization of reproductive processes, the possible misuse of a surrogate mother, and imaginative nuances. The term “snowflake babies” comprises embryos that have been cryopreserved during IVF, followed by spontaneous embryos, where couples adopt frozen or cryopreserved embryos due to the inability to conceive. However, controversies surround the moral rights and adoption rights of these frozen embryos. Although it is less invasive than IVF, artificial insemination starts debate from the ethical issue concerning donor anonymity and consent, while some even question the child’s identity. A harmonizedly developed balance between assisted reproductive advances and moral bases is significant while settling on the hazy areas of artificial fertilization.
What is Natural Family Planning (NFP)?
Natural Family Planning (NFP) is a form of birth control relying on the woman’s recognition of her menstrual cycle signs for use in contraception or conception(Joan Ibeziako, 2022).
Describe the 3 Primary ovulation symptoms.
The primary triad of ovulation symptoms include elevation in basal body temperature due to hormone changes that lead to the bursting out from an egg; altering cervical mucus consistency, which becomes more apparent and viscous, facilitating sperm transit; and changing a characteristic of the cervix with its softening, dissolution increase offload in case fertile phase has been The signs that can be observed include these, which are utilized in Natural Family Planning for fertility awareness.
Describe the 7 Secondary ovulation symptoms.
Other secondary ovulation symptoms, in turn, give additional indicators of monitoring theфertility. These include mittelschmerz or menstrual pain due to ovulation where the egg is released; absence of libido affection by hormonal imbalance, breast tenderness induced by hormonal changes; increased odor and taste sensation, particularly from food contributed by estrogen secretions which can result in abdominal bloating altering some of your senses, inducing vision that appears clearer The addition of the secondary signs to primary symptoms brings a broader interpretation of a woman’s menstrual cycle for Natural Family planning professionals.
Describe various protocols and methods available today.
Numerous protocols and methods exist for assisted human reproduction, ranging from fertility drugs and artificial insemination to in vitro fertilization (IVF) and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). These techniques address diverse fertility issues, providing options for couples struggling with conception. However, ethical considerations, costs, and potential health risks vary, necessitating informed choices aligned with individual circumstances and values.
Describe some ways in which NFP is healthier than contraception.
Consistently, it is said that NFP or Natural Family Planning is healthier than contraception because no external substances or devices are required, and thus, side effects are usually associated with hormonal contraceptives (Altshuler & Blumenthal, 2020). Instead of relying on non-natural products, one learns to regulate their fertility from its own sequence. It promotes coordination among partners and is also in line with some theology and guidance that provide a more comprehensive perspective on family management.
Bioethical evaluation of NFP as a means and as an end.
From a bioethical perspective, NFP is ethically acceptable in terms of family planning and avoiding intended spiritual dependency. However, its assessment as an end state is based on individual judgment depending on a viewpoint. For some people, this method is in line with religious and ethical norms, whether or not they see it as restrictive or limiting reproductive rights.
Summarize ERD
In paragraphs 38 to 19, the document describes a Catholic view on assisted conception, highlighting rather enhancing techniques that promote the two functions of marriage, such as unity and procreation, while avoiding harm to embryos. Paragraph 42 does not allow intermarriage parties of specific disadvantageous abuse and exploitation for women due to the dignity of a child, marriage, and other aspects. In mediating paragraph 43, Catholic healthcare institutions are encouraged to offer instrumental support in the event of infertility and, at its stage, include counseling and adoption. It is essential to mention that according to paragraph 44, a Catholic healthcare institution has the responsibility of providing prenatal, obstetric, and perinatal services based on its mission. Finally, paragraph 52 clarifies that although contraceptive practices are not supported, these institutions should teach spouses to be responsible for their entire lives.
References
Altshuler, A. L., & Blumenthal, P. D. (2020). Behavioral Methods of Contraception. The Handbook of Contraception: Evidence Based Practice Recommendations and Rationales, 239-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46391-5_12
Assisted Procreation.(2007). Ethics and Medics.
Joan Ibeziako, O. (2022). Natural Family Planning, An Option in Reproductive Healthcare: A Qualitative Study on Clinicians’ Perceptions. The Linacre Quarterly, 89(3), 298-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/00243639221078070
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