ABSTRACT
Proper Nutrition is one of the effective ways to decrease disease infection and promote a healthy nation. Nutrition research will hold the key to increasing the knowledge of essential nutrients to complete a balanced diet. Protein, carbohydrates, fats, water, and micronutrients will be a significant focus. It will be distinct on the vulnerable group of the aged, infants, and lactating mothers, the effects of deficiency, and the solution to promote a healthy nation.
After outreaching the American Society for Nutrition (ASN) leaders, Health providers, and Cardinal Health Inc to identify the nutrition research needs for special groups and American citizens at large will have the most significant impact on the future health and well-being of global populations. Nutrition Research will prompt collaboration among scientists across all disciplines to advance this challenging research agenda, given the high potential for translation and impact on public health. Furthermore, findings from the Nutrition Research Needs will stimulate the development and adoption of new and innovative strategies for preventing and treating nutrition-related diseases. The multidisciplinary nature of nutrition research requires stakeholders with differing expertise to collaborate on multifaceted approaches to establish evidence-based nutrition guidance and policies that will lead to better health for the global population.
Introduction
Nutrition is the process in which the body utilizes beneficial nutrients absorbed for the normal function of cells and organs. According to Hark & Deen 2005, most foods we eat contain macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are needed in large amounts since they are the body’s primary energy source. They include protein, carbohydrates, and fats. Micronutrients are required in small quantities for the proper function of the body, and they have minerals mineral and vitamins, although the body also needs fibre and water for proper functioning,
Proper Nutrition is essential in humans, especially infants, pregnant women, and the aged, since their bodies are prone to diseases and infection. This particular group of individuals should be fed healthy food dietarily balanced because it helps cell division and differentiation. Although, poor nutrition causes malnutrition and causes abnormal growth of the body, which reduces the ability to perform effectively in daily routine activities.
Thesis statement
This paper is going to cover proper Nutrition. It will cooperate with several resources that form the backbone of the research paper since they are rich with essential information that supports adequate Nutrition. For example, according to Srilakshmi 2002, food, nutrients, intake, and biochemical processing of food substances related to health and diseases, during pregnancy, lack of iodine, iron, calcium, folate, and zinc cause anaemia, pre-eclampsia, bleeding, stillbirth, low birth weight, poor growth in children and death of mothers. Therefore, it will focus on the vulnerable group, the “Special group,” Which includes infants, pregnant or lactating mothers, and the ageing. Since this group requires a healthy diet to support growth, development, and ageing, maintain a healthy body weight, and reduce the risk of disease infection. Proper Nutrition is composed of macro and micronutrients. However, this group requires; protein, carbohydrates, fats, micronutrients, and water for growth and development.
Literature Review
Nutrition involves all activities of breaking down food from the mouth to the utilization in the body after breaking down (Srilakshmi, 2002) and is the backbone of human development. Large-scale concrete programming can reduce the burden of Nutrition and deprivation and advance nations’ progress. Nutrition dictates the conditions of our bodies since it is a portrayal of what we consume. Food can be rated as good, fair, or poor, according to (Carroll et al., 2012).
Proper Nutrition assists the immunity development in infants, the aged, lactating mothers, and national citizens. The nation will grow economically with good Nutrition since the labour force will be readily available. This paper uses the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Institution of Engineering and Technology (IEEE) Xplore database because of its normal development. The search engines, IEEE Xplore, and bibliographic databases are selected to cover proper Nutrition in particular groups, “infants, pregnant women, and the aged.”
The following resources are used because of their significance to the topic of the research paper. It discusses Nutrition by taking advantage of the strengths of 2 different dietary assessment instruments to improve intake estimates for nutritional epidemiology (Carroll et al., 2012). It tries to relate how deficiency of certain vital elements in the body results in diseases and their prevention. The authors address precision, power, and sample size under the following conditions; 1-12/24 hrs. single calibration of food frequency questionnaire to develop the findings.
Analysis of Elf students, “difficulties in writing and completing English thesis, (Fitria, 2022) seeks to enable researchers to develop the best thesis statement. The author highlights vital factors of the thesis statement, such as topic, claim, and specific, and further explains their usage.
According to Hark & Deen, 2017, Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics states that improper nutrition results in diabetes and another disease. However, the “special group” will grow and age without defects with a proper diet. This resource is necessary to identify the essential component of medical education.
Fluoride and human health (Kabir et al., 2020) seek to identify fluoride as an essential element in the human body. Its defect and required amount for healthy growth. This research supplied fluoride in different forms, such as drinking water and food.
Scholars on the obesity crisis as a market failure analyze its causes and corrective measures (Karmani et al., 2016). Excessive deposition of fats in vital organs and excessive amounts of it result in obesity. Therefore, this finding is relevant since proper Nutrition is essential.
According to Srilakshmi 2002, food, nutrients, intake, and biochemical processing of food substances relate to health and diseases. Therefore, there is a need to examine food choices and the metabolism of nutrients and how they affect long-term health to ensure proper Nutrition.
Identifying and Mapping Canadian Registered Dietitians’ Perceptions and Knowledge of, and Experiences with, Weight-Related Evidence in Nutrition Care (Waugh & Gran, 2022), discusses the anatomy and physiology of humans concerning food consumption. It tries to explain how macronutrients and micronutrients are utilized in the body to produce energy to promote proper growth and development.
The uniform resource locator (Url) of the Tuftsmedicare health plan seeks to clarify the importance of good Nutrition. Since good Nutrition leads to proper growth and development of human cells, it highlights what makes good Nutrition and explains problems resulting from poor Nutrition.
This link, addressed from medical news today by Angela Mae 2021, seeks to explain more about macronutrients. Macronutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The related link discusses the breakdown of the macronutrients for maximum utilization in the body.
The link given by the World health organization discusses Micronutrients. Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals. These elements are required in small proportion to functioning the body properly; however, their deficiency results in certain body complications and dysfunction.
Discussion
Literature review impacts on proper Nutrition.
The particular group (infants, pregnant women, aged) are vulnerable to diseases and infections or deformities associated with improper Nutrition. For example, Identifying and Mapping Canadian Registered Dietitians’ Perceptions and Knowledge of, and Experiences with, Weight-Related Evidence in Nutrition Care (Waugh & Gran, 2022), found that higher protein intake is associated with lower bone loss. The study case also found that higher protein intake leads to calcium loss in urine, contributing to bone loss. This study is relevant, especially concerning the aged, whose immunity is always at stake.
This resource is essential when it comes to pregnant women. Dietary protein is crucial to embryonic survival, growth, and development. Low concentrates can lead to embryonic losses, intra-uterine growth restriction, and reduced postanal change due to deficiency of specific amino acids necessary for cell metabolism and function. A high level of protein might result in embryonic death. It results from the accumulation of toxic ammonia and homocysteine generated from amino acid catabolism (Waugh & Gran, 2022).
According to Hark & Deen, 2005, Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics states that improper nutrition results in diabetes and another disease; the aged and pregnant women are likely to experience mood swings and high rates of depression. Low energy level (carbs) affects how individuals think and feels emotionally. Therefore, it is essential to ensure this group of individuals gets the required amount of carbohydrates for good thinking and memory boosting.
Obesity crisis as a market failure analyzes its causes and corrective measures (Karmani et al., 2016), analyses fats, and gives scope of omega three and omega six fatty acids. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is essential for brain development and the retina. The infant, pregnant women, and the aged require DHA for proper brain functioning and adequate eyesight. Mother milk is enriched with alpha-linolenic acid and DHA hence the need to breastfeed children.
A case study by the World health organization found out infants, pregnant women, and the aged experience deficiencies in micronutrients. Some reported micronutrient deficiencies include iron, vitamins A, and iodine. Lack of vitamin A suppresses the ability of the body to fight infection. In adverse cases, it might result in eye disease and blindness in infants, pregnant women, and the aged. A deficiency of adequate iron may result in anaemia, while a lack of iodine results in the growth of the thyroid gland. Therefore, there is a need to ensure that the particular group is fed food rich in micronutrients to avoid linked deficiency.
Proteins.
Protein is one of the significant components of the macronutrient required in bodybuilding and energy supply. According to Waugh & Gran, 2022, Identifying and Mapping Canadian Registered Dietitians’, proteins are organic and comprise carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules; this explains why amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Sources of proteins are animal products, animal by-products, or plant products. Example of proteins includes; cheese, yoghurt, meat, beans, pork, cashew nuts, fish, and poultry, among others.
Protein importance in the body helps repair worn-out cells, deoxyribonucleic acid replication, new cell reproduction, locomotion of molecules within the cells, and growth and development of pregnant women and children.
Carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are sugar molecules commonly found in many foods and drinks humans consume. It is the body’s primary energy source besides fibre and starch, though they cannot be absorbed in their complex state. Carbohydrates are involved in processing fat and building bone, cartilage, and nervous systems (Hark & Deen, 2005), although they are broken down into small molecules known as glucose for utilization. Blood sugar is transported to the body’s cells, tissues, and organs to supply energy. Excessive glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver or body muscles, and during starvation, the excess glycogen is converted to glucose. The primary source of carbohydrates are legumes, grains, fruits, and dairy products. Examples of carbohydrates include; lentils, milk, berries, and cereals.
The importance of carbohydrates in the body is that it helps normal body functions by supplying energy to the cells, tissues, and organs of “the special group”. Carbohydrates are also responsible for the physical activities of the body. However, high blood sugar levels cause diabetes, while low levels of blood sugar cause ketosis. Therefore, keeping blood sugar levels within the normal range is necessary for the “special groups.”
Fats.
Fats form part of the macronutrients in a balanced diet. They are vital since the body does not produce fats on its own. Fats can be divided into saturated and unsaturated. Saturated fat mostly comes from the plants such as sunflowers and groundnuts, which give olive oil upon processing. Unsaturated fats highly come from animal and their by-products. Healthy fat foods include; egg yolks, nuts, olive oil, peanut butter, pecans, and cashews (Waugh & Grant, 2022).
Fats are essential because they are an energy source, help keep the joints lubricated, absorb vitamins, and rely on information between the cells and the body. However, consuming foods with a high level of fat saturation leads to build of cholesterol in the body’s organs and vessels. High levels of fat pose threats to stroke and heart disease.
Water.
According to Srilakshmi, 2002, Carbohydrates and Nutrition Science, the human body comprises 60% water. The brain and heart are composed of 73% water, and the lungs are about 83% water. The skin contains 64% water, muscles and kidneys are 79%, and even the bones are 79% and even the bones are 31% watery. Scientists have recommended that the human body requires litres daily, depending on age, surrounding environment, and undertaking activities. The primary sources of water are liquid foods and beverages. Examples of such foods include; soup, milk, soda, and drinking water, among others.
The importance of water in the body is to regulate the body temperature, provide lubrication and provide a medium for body reactions. However, a high level of water in the body causes swelling, while a low-level causes dehydration and abnormal function of the body cells, tissues, and organs. It is essential to ensure that the water levels of infants, pregnant women, and the aged fall within the suitable range.
Micronutrients.
Micronutrients are required in trim levels in the body, though their deficiency can cause life-threatening issues. Micronutrients comprise vitamins and minerals (Kabir et al., 2022). Sources of these micronutrients include; vegetables, fruits, meat, and animal products. Examples of such foods include; oysters, peanuts, and spinach, among others.
The significance of micronutrients in the body promotes healthy development, disease prevention, and normal function of the cells, tissues, and organs.
Conclusion
Several resources, such as articles, essays, websites, and recorded research on proper Nutrition, have been used to support this paper. The “special group” includes; infants, pregnant women, and the aged, which have been the target group since they are susceptible to disease infection and malnutrition. However, the particular group can grow and develop in a healthy state with proper Nutrition of protein, carbohydrates, fats, micronutrients and water.
Therefore, it is necessary to avoid giving them sugared foods and beverages such as soda and candy because they are associated with inflammation, weight gain, blood pressure, diabetes, and liver diseases, among other complications. However, it is vital to consider healthy eating patterns among infants, pregnant women and the aged that promote development and enhance life span.
References
Carroll, R. J., Midthune, D., Subar, A. F., Shumakovich, M., Freedman, L. S., Thompson, F. E., & Kipnis, V. (2012). Taking advantage of the strengths of 2 different dietary assessment instruments to improve intake estimates for nutritional epidemiology. American journal of epidemiology, 175(4), 340–347.
Fitria, T. N. (2022). ANALYSIS OF EFL STUDENTS’DIFFICULTIES IN WRITING AND COMPLETING ENGLISH THESIS. LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 25(1), 295-309.
Hark, L. A., & Deen, D. (2017). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: interprofessional education in Nutrition as an essential component of medical education. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 117(7), 1104-1113.
Kabir, H., Gupta, A. K., & Tripathy, S. (2020). Fluoride and human health: Systematic appraisal of sources, exposures, metabolism, and toxicity. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 50(11), 1116–1193.
Karnani, A., McFerran, B., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2016). The obesity crisis as market failure: An analysis of systemic causes and corrective mechanisms. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 1(3), 445–470.
Srilakshmi, B. (2002). Carbohydrates. Nutrition Science. New Age International (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 20-39.
Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2022). Identifying and Mapping Canadian Registered Dietitians’ Perceptions and Knowledge of, and Experiences with, Weight-Related Evidence in Nutrition Care: A Scoping Review Protocol. Healthy Populations Journal, 2(2).
Annotated Bibliography
Carroll, R. J., Midthune, D., Subar, A. F., Shumakovich, M., Freedman, L. S., Thompson, F. E., & Kipnis, V. (2012). Taking advantage of the strengths of 2 different dietary assessment instruments to improve intake estimates for nutritional epidemiology. American journal of epidemiology, 175(4), 340–347.
They are taking advantage of the strengths of 2 different dietary assessment instruments to improve intake estimates for nutritional epidemiology American journal of epidemiology written by Carroll et al., 2012. It tries to investigate the relationship between Nutrition and diseases and how deficiency o certain essential nutrients result in diseases. The authors address precision, power, and sample size under the following conditions; 1-12/24 hrs single calibration of food frequency questionnaire.
Fitria, T. N. (2022). ANALYSIS OF EFL STUDENTS’DIFFICULTIES IN WRITING AND COMPLETING ENGLISH THESIS. LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 25(1), 295-309.
Filtra 2022 is devoted to helping scholars construct a thesis statement in the journal on language and language teaching. Fitria focuses on how to come up with the topic, claim, and specific and explains that a thesis statement comes at the end of the first paragraph.
Hark, L. A., & Deen, D. (2017). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: interprofessional education in Nutrition as an essential component of medical education. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 117(7), 1104-1113.
Nutrition and dietetics is an article written by Hark and Deen 2017. Hark is a skilled and experienced lecturer of Nutrition to nurses, whereas Deen holds Masters in Human Nutrition. Dorling Kindersley published their research in 2017. This article highlights Nutrition and its relationship to sustaining life, not forgetting how it associates with dietetics. Therefore, individuals need to obtain a healthy life by consuming dietary food.
Kabir, H., Gupta, A. K., & Tripathy, S. (2020). Fluoride and human health: Systematic appraisal of sources, exposures, metabolism, and toxicity. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 50(11), 1116–1193.
Balances of Fluorine Ingested from various Sources in Food and Water by Five Young Men is research by Kabir et al., 2020 reviewed in environmental science and technology. It seeks to determine the proportion of Fluorine ingested from food and absorbed portion. The Fluorine was supplied in various forms, bone-meal, cryolite, calcium fluoride, or sodium fluoride, added to their drinking water and food.
Karnani, A., McFerran, B., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2016). The obesity crisis as market failure: An analysis of systemic causes and corrective mechanisms. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 1(3), 445–470.
Karmani et al. (2016) contributed to the research on the obesity crisis as market failure research. It tries to rely on information associated with Nutrition and how it causes obesity. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the particular group is fed on dietary to avoid infection and deformities related to poor Nutrition.
Srilakshmi, B. (2002). Carbohydrates. Nutrition Science. New Age International (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 20-39.
Nutrition science was written by Srilakshmi in 2002 and published by the new age international publication. It discusses issues related to food, nutrients, and the intake and biochemical processing of food substances linked to health and diseases. Therefore, there is a need to examine food choices and the metabolism of nutrients and how they affect long-term health.
Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2022). Identifying and Mapping Canadian Registered Dietitians’ Perceptions and Knowledge of, and Experiences with, Weight-Related Evidence in Nutrition Care: A Scoping Review Protocol. Healthy Populations Journal, 2(2).
Waugh & Grant 2022 discuss the anatomy and physiology of humans concerning food consumption. It tries to explain how macronutrients and micronutrients are utilized in the body to produce energy. However, a deficiency of proper Nutrition causes malnutrition.
https://www.tuftsmedicarepreferred.org/healthy-living/importance-good-nutrition
The following uniform resource locator (Url) of Tufts health plan seeks to clarify the importance of good Nutrition. Since good Nutrition enhances proper growth and ageing of particular groups, “infants, pregnant women and the aged.”It discusses foods that make up good Nutrition and their associated deficiency.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-are-macronutrients
This link, addressed from medical news today by Angela Mae 2021, seeks to explain more about macronutrients. Macronutrients comprise proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Macronutrients are required in large amounts since they provide energy to the body. Proper Nutrition is vital to the special group (infants, pregnant women, and the aged).
https://www.who.int/health-topics/micronutrients#:~:text=More-,Overview,and%20even%20life%2Dthreatening%20conditions
The link given by the World health organization discusses Micronutrients. Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals. However, they are required in small proportion compared to macronutrients since they facilitate normal body function. Therefore, there is a need to ensure that the particular group is fed with the proper range of micronutrients.
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