Cervical cancer continues to be a major concern for middle-aged women worldwide, particularly in developed and developing countries. The discovery that a cautious vulnerability to the cancer-causing strain of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer development has opened the door to enormous and arbitrary expectations. Cervical cancer risk is reduced through the global expansion of the HPV vaccination and HPV-based screening, including self-testing.
Epidemiology of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer was one of the leading causes of mortality among American women. Nevertheless, with the widespread use of the Pap test, the cervical illness course has been shortened. The screening method can detect abnormalities in the cervix before the cancer starts (Rajkumar, 2018). Additionally, this screening can aid in the early detection of cervical infections when they are simpler to remove than at the final stages. Cervical cancer is most commonly discovered in women aged 35 to 44, with an age range of incidence of 50 (Rajkumar, 2018). Many women are unaware of the hazards of cervical cancer at around this age, which increases their chances of developing it later in life. Huddart (2021) states that women over 65 accounts for more than 20% of cervical cancer incidences. Despite this, this risk is infrequent in women who underwent cytology screening before age 65.
Methodology
Cervical cancer is most commonly discovered in women aged 35 to 44, with an age category of diagnosis of 50 (Rajkumar, 2018). Many women are not aware of the risks of cervical cancer at this age, which raises their chances later in life. Huddart (2021) states that women over 65 accounts for more than 20% of cervical cancer incidences. Nevertheless, this risk is uncommon in women with cytology screening before age 65. Since the introduction of composed cervical extraction in the United States in the 1960s, rates and deaths connected with cervical illness have decreased by 75%; however, the trend is nonlinear. Throughout the 1990s, women in low socioeconomic status areas had a 33% higher risk of cervical cancer and a 71% higher mortality rate than their better socioeconomic status counterparts.
Guideline
The USPSTF does not advise cervical disease screening in women who have had a hysterectomy with cervical analysis and have no history of cervical danger. The USPSTF does not recommend cervical cancer screening in women over 65 who have had satisfactory first screening and are not at high risk of significant cervical illness. According to Fielding et al. (2021), this method applies to anybody with a cervix, regardless of sexual history or HPV status. The notion is also inapplicable for individuals with a high-grade precancerous cervical condition. Moreover, these ideas do not apply to those with diethylstilbestrol or malfunctioning blocking systems.
RCT findings reveal that hrHPV testing and co-testing can discover more cases of CIN and have a greater false positive rate than cytology alone; co-testing had the highest exaggerated positive rate. These rates are greater in younger women than in those 30 years and older, according to Fielding et al. (2021), since younger women have a higher frequency of transitory HPV infection but have lower cervical and uterine malignancies.
Critical Analysis
Cervical cell cytology was first in 1940, and the Pap test was named after it. This test involves carefully scraping cells from the cervix’s exterior layer and examining the fixed and dyed cells for unusual morphological alterations. According to Tabibi et al. (2022), this discovery was most likely the most generally recognized illness screening approach in the United States and other countries. According to Rajkumar (2018), the cervical Pap smear is particularly successful in lowering the frequency and depth of cervical cancer. However, it has limitations, mostly due to false negative screening results. As a result, there is no appetite for more research into the effectiveness of cervical disease screening. The liquid-based cytology assessment method is expected to hasten the advancement of cytological examinations and test quality.
The cervix is seen, and the columnar junction is detected, which happens when the ectocervix’s smooth squamous surface transitions into the endocervix’s columnar covering, causing the uterus to seem hollow. According to Tabibi et al. (2022), the examination should be coordinated with this tissue because it is the site of most cervical lesions. A cervical spatula and brush or a brush-shaped instrument that exposed the ectocervix and endocervix were used to detect probable irregularities.
Conclusion
This research emphasizes the necessity of realizing that no screening tool can detect 100% of cervical cancer cases. Screening, comprehensive examination of sores, colposcopy-guided biopsy with suspicious findings, therapy, follow-up, and regular screening are all alternative considerations for establishing cervical cancer risks. In the United States, the screening program encourages interest in better-quality testing, fewer appointments for each screening cycle, and fewer screening cycles over one’s lifetime. Innovations are being created, and when used appropriately, they can boost the effectiveness of cervical cancer development forecast programs while also addressing potential overtreatment.
References
Arbyn, M., Weiderpass, E., Bruni, L., De Sanjosé, S., Saraiya, M., Ferlay, J., & Bray, F. (2020). Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: A worldwide analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 8(2), e191-e203. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30482-6
Fielding, R., Perez, S., Rosberger, Z., Tatar, O., & Wang, L. D. (2021). Cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination. Psycho-Oncology, 61- 67. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190097653.003.0009
Huddart, R. (2021). Faculty opinions recommendation of global cancer statistics 2018: Globocan estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature. https://doi.org/10.3410/f.734004835.793587632
Rajkumar, R. (2018). Cervical cancer – Screening, treatment, and prevention. Cervical Cancer – Screening, Treatment, and Prevention – Universal Protocols for Ultimate Control. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76907
Tabibi, T., Barnes, J. M., Shah, A., Osazuwa-Peters, N., Johnson, K. J., & Brown, D. S. (2022). Human papillomavirus vaccination and trends in cervical cancer incidence and mortality in the US. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(3), 313. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4807
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