Summary
At the time of the civil war, a bloody war was ever seen by the United States. Thus, the civil war is a significant event in the history of America.[1] As the Revolution between 1776 to 1983 formed the United States, the Civilian fight of 1861 to 1865 determined the kind of nation the US would be. Thus, the war began due to the unyielding differences between free and enslaved countries. It was over the authority of the national administration to ban slavery in the organizations that had not yet been pronounced states.[2] As a result, the war helped answer two puzzles about the United States; whether the US was to be a soluble federation of monarch states or an inseparable country with an absolute national administration. Second, whether this country, created of a pronunciation that all people were born with equal right to freedom, would still exist as the most significant ground for holding slavers in the universe. However, when Abraham Lincoln was elected as the President in 1860, he pledged to abolish slavery. Seven countries in the deep South left and created a new country, the Confederate States of America.[3] On December 8th, 1863, President Lincoln gave his plan for reuniting the United States with his Proclamation of Reconstruction and Amnesty. The Reconstruction plan specified that the southern city could be integrated into the Union if 10% of the voters agreed or swore a promise of loyalty to the Union.[4] President Lincoln was afraid that the freed people’s liberty and status would not be executed according to the idea that the strain was made to release them. But the plans for Reconstruction for both Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were different in that one was more accessible, and the other was more lenient.[5] Because Johnson, after the death of Lincoln, Andrew did not have the skills similar to those of Lincoln to deal with people, and his plans included pardoning those who would take the loyalty oath, among others which was the case for Lincoln.[6]
Introduction
Before the American civil war, the South and North had been disintegrated for decades due to issues of slavery. The battle was too fatal that the Missouri Compromise failed to deal with the matter.[7] So, the Southern countries believed that the United States administration did not have the power to decide whether slavery should be permitted in a country.[8] During this event, President Lincoln won the presidential election in 1860 as a subject of antislavery. In the rise of Lincoln’s election, about 11 Southern countries left the Union to secure what they saw as their position and right to maintain the enslaved people.[9] So, these states planned a state known as the Confederate States of America, led by Jefferson Davis as the President. However, Lincoln intended to preserve the Union. When he became the President, he avoided threats of forces but pledged to secure the areas and possessions in the South that belonged to the confederate government.[10] But the Confederate troops disregarded Lincoln’s pledge by opening fire on those areas in 1861, which marked the start of the American Civil War.[11] Lincoln called the states that left to return to the Union, or their enslaved people would be declared free. Still, since no state returned, Lincoln gave the Emancipation Proclamation. which had a practical impact of allowing recruiting the African Americans in the Union forces. Regardless of a string of previous successes of the Confederate, the Union armies finally won the war.[12] The success of the North, above the dominant and high troops and industrial and economical materials, was partly because of the leadership of Lincoln. In 1864 Lincoln had mastered the art and skills and had become an intellectual, political, and war stateman.[13] With the basis of the American civil war, the paper will describe Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction, his view of the newly freed enslaved people, and how his plan for Reconstruction differed from Johnson Andrew’s.[14]
Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
Lincoln wrote an annual report to Congress, and the President announced that document. Even though that proclamation was not expected, the annual report eagerly waited as it was assumed that Lincoln would talk about the issue of Reconstruction.[15] Thus, the declaration of Reconstruction and loyalty followed Ten percent plan of Reconstruction to the states that left. that plan was founded on the affirmations of faithfulness in the future to the Union where the faithful voters would be the core of the people involved in the re-creation of the new republican administrations there.[16] In 1863, President Lincoln adopted principles that impacted Reconstruction in some states that had left the Union. He selected military leaders in Tennessee, Louisiana, and North Carolina and acknowledged the provisional administration in Virginia. Thus, the Emancipation proclamation began in 1863, January 1st.[17] Lincoln gave his proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, which provided release or pardon to all subjects in the revolt, except upper-level military and non-combatant officers.[18] He proclaimed his will to elect a military leader in every occupied country and asked all occupied countries to accept all the remaining and future guidelines regarding slavery and emancipation.[19] However, his was still conservative as it presumed maintenance of the country’s borderline, charters, and the law except for the laws regarding slavery, and need neither black franchise nor expounding. Additionally, Lincoln suggested re-establish liberated citizenship in every state, which required all individuals to make promise of the future faithfulness and promote the law.[20] Thus, when 10% of the country’s 1860 voters had promised, they could re-arrange the country’s government.[21]
The President’s command to form loyal state administrations was obtained from various sections of Article II, including his authority as the commander-in-chief, his forging ability, and his responsibility to see to the faithful implementation of the law.[22] But as with the former exercises in requesting for well-wishers and holding habeas corpus, Lincoln had to establish the most of a report which had not scrutinized withdrawal, civil war, or the Reconstruction.[23] Moreover, through Arkansas and Louisiana linked with Lincoln’s phrases, the Congresses did not accept to seat their spokespersons.[24] So, Lincoln and Congress contended over the more rigid congressional organization or plan of Reconstruction covered in the bill of 1864.[25]
Lincoln’s View for the Newly Freed Slaves
The emancipation proclamation combined with the 13th Amendment that resulted from the civil war were essential steps that terminated slavery in the United States.[26] However, Abraham Lincoln did not see it correct that all enslaved people should be liberated or given citizenship after their freedom. There was a moment when Lincoln found it challenging to allow a mixed-racial society and thought that the earlier enslaved African Americans should leave America and go back to Africa. But that did not mean he embraced slavery; he believed it was immoral.[27] Even though he argued that all men are created equal, the white and black people, that did not mean that Lincoln thought people should have equal rights, both social and political. That became clear when there were arguments in 1858 with his opposition leader in the Illinois election for the US Senate, Stephen Douglas. The latter had indicted him of supporting black’s equality. At one point, Lincoln stated that he was not, and neither has he ever been in favor of bringing about the social and political fairness of the white and the black people.[28] He continued claiming that he was against the black people having the right to vote, exercise on the juries, marry with the whites, and hold any office. In reality, Lincoln believed that just like all men, Black men had the right to support and improve their situations in the community and take advantage of the fruits of their work.[29] In that notion, they were equal to the white, and slavery was not fair. Additionally, just like his view on emancipation, Lincoln’s state on the political and social fairness for African Americans would advance over the term of his reign.[30] In his last speech, Lincoln argued for a limited African American franchise, stating that any black individuals who took part and served during the civilian fight should be allowed the right to vote.[31]
Abraham was not an abolitionist. Abolitionists of slavery knew what needed to be done; abolish slavery entirely, and the formerly enslaved people should be integrated as equal members of the community.[32] The abolitionist of that period did not think about enslaved people and did not want them to work within the already formed political system, or even under the developed charter, which saw as unequal securing slavery and their enslavers.[33] Even though Lincoln viewed himself as collaborating with the abolitionists in the position of a common antislavery, he did not mention or count himself amongst them.[34] Moreover, the idea that most African American groups should be excluded from the United States and live in Africa was the suitable way to deal with the issue of slavery, according to Lincoln.[35] Lincoln looks at the view of his two political legends, Henry Clay and Thomas Jefferson who had favored the idea of colonization. Both had been enslavers who did not see how the Blacks and Whites could live together in harmony.[36] So, Lincoln began advocating for colonization and said that to liberate all the enslaved people and send them to Africa, specifically Liberia, would be the first instinct.[37] Almost a decade after, Lincoln held a gathering of freed black people at the White House, hoping to get their support on an arrangement for colonization in Central America. He gave the differences between the two races and the brutality of the whites towards the black people and told them it would be best if the white and black races were separated.[38] So, Lincoln’s idea and support of colonization triggered more anger among the black abolitionists and leaders, who said that African Americans were as indigenous to the nation as the white people. Therefore should be given equal rights. after he gave Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln did not mention the idea of colonization.[39]
How Lincoln Envisioned the Nation Coming Back Together
the conclusion of the Civil War marked the beginning of the Reconstruction period. During this period, the former revolts Southern states were embraced back to the Union, and Lincoln fast moved to attain the war’s primary goal, which was to reunify the country.[40] He suggested a kind and disciplined plan to restore the previous confederate states fast to the United States. Still, some Republicans rallied against the idea considering Lincoln’s idea too merciful to the revolt states that had split the nation apart. The main flaw of Lincoln’s plan, based on that view, was that it seemed to let go of the enemies rather than warrant civilian rights to the previously enslaved people. In the first place, Lincoln believed that the smoothness of the plan 90% of the 1860 voters did not necessarily have to promise loyalty to the Union or the emancipation-would result in a quick and long-awaited solution and make emancipation more tolerable and embraced everywhere.[41]
However, that idea triggered fire from the extensive faction of Republicans in the Congress who did not want to associate moderately with the Southern states.[42] these members were referred to as the Radical Republicans. They tried to re-establish the South and sanction the revolts.[43] The Radical Republicans stressed brutal terms for the failed Confederacy and secured the formerly enslaved people moving past the proposal of the President.[44] Two Radical Republicans, Ohio senator Benjamin Wade, and Henry Winter Davis Maryland representatives, gave Lincoln two suggestions.[45] Wade-Davis Bill asked most of the voters and administrative representatives in Confederate states to take a promise, known as the Iron land Oath, promising that they had never sided with the Confederacy or been in a war against the United States. Those who could not make the promise would not be able to take part in the legislative life in the future of the South.[46] So, Congress accepted Wade Bill and sought Lincoln’s affirmation. However, Lincoln did not sign to terminate the bill because he understood that no Southern state would be able to meet the matter presented by the Wade-Davis Bill, and the passage of the bill would ruin or delay the Reconstruction of the Southern state.[47] But after Congress showed no doubt concerning the intention to terminate slavery, the President and the Radical Republicans made perfect on the rally promise in 1865. The proposed charter amendment passed the Senate, and the House of Representatives succeeded.[48] Therefore, the Amendment moved forward to the States, where it moderately gained the relevant support, including the South.[49] In 1865 December, the 13th Amendment was finally ratified and incorporated into the charter; the first Amendment integrated into the alliance since 1804 changed a century’s practices by terminating slavery permanently.[50]
How Andrew Johnson’s Version of Reconstruction Differed from Lincoln’s Original Vision of Reconstruction
After the Death of Lincoln, Andrew became the President. Before then, he was a slave owner and a racist but did not like the Southern elites and wanted to follow Lincoln’s course.[51] Unlike Lincoln, who did not see the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the charter although he had begun, Johnson did oversee it outlawing slavery.[52] Therefore he had faith in the principle that every state had the right to decide whether or not to reconstruct itself. His view was that the war had been there to maintain the Union. It formulated a merciful plan on the grounds of Lincoln’s former 10% scheme to permit the Southern states to start having elections and send their leader back to Washington.[53] Johnsons’ loyalty proclamation encouraged previous confederate representatives to get their former positions of power in the regional and national administrations, triggering tensions with the formerly enslaved people in the South and Republican legislators in the North.
on the other hand, the stated proposal between Lincoln and Congress over the stiff Reconstruction plans did not happen.[54] So, Andrew lacked similar skills in dealing with people. Thus, Johnson’s dreams were that; forgiveness would be given to those that take a loyalty promise. Then no forgiveness would be present to high federated leaders, a state-required to terminate slavery before reclamation, and a state was expected to reverse its decree before being reclaimed.[55]
Conclusion
President Lincoln favored self-reconstruction by the nations with less aid from Washington. So, standing for the poor whites, he offered to forgive all the confederates and to stand for the former land and property owners, and southern, he promised to secure their private possessions. However, Lincoln did not specifically fight for the rights of the Black enslaved and freed people. Ultimately, Lincoln achieved the goal of reuniting the nations as he intended before his death. Still, Andrew Johnson, his successor, did not prove effective in terms of Reconstruction as Lincoln had envisioned.
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