Social / Cultural
Traditions and lifestyles
Both Turkey and China have rich cultural traditions and diverse lifestyles. You will find a blend of Eastern and Western influences in Turkey, with rules that date back centuries. Turkish people value family and hospitality, and their daily lives are often centered on social interactions. In China, there is a deep admiration for tradition and a strong emphasis on collectivism. Chinese people regard their family and filial piety excessively, and Confucian ideas influence their lives.
Values and beliefs (Hofstede’s model)
According to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions model, China is characterized by a higher level of collectivism, whereas Turkey ranks lower in this dimension, indicating a more individualistic society. Both countries have a relatively high power distance, meaning hierarchical structures are accepted and respected to some extent (Błachnio et al., 2019). Regarding uncertainty avoidance, Turkey tends to have a higher preference for structure and rules, while China’s uncertainty avoidance is lower, indicating a higher tolerance for ambiguity.
Attitudes and tastes (foreign product, price, and sustainability)
Turkish consumers generally display positive attitudes towards foreign products, especially those associated with Western countries. However, price sensitivity may be an enormous component in shopping choices. In recent years, sustainability has won greater attention in Turkey, with a growing consciousness of environmental problems. In China, there’s an increasing demand for overseas products, particularly those associated with prestige and excellence. Chinese consumers are less price-sensitive and value brand reputation (Shan et al., 2020). Sustainability is emerging as an important factor, but it is still relatively nascent compared to Western countries.
Patterns of behavior (online shopping, forms of payment)
Both Turkey and China have experienced significant growth in online shopping. In Turkey, cash-on-delivery is still a popular payment method, although credit card usage is increasing. In China, mobile payment systems like Alipay and WeChat Pay dominate online shopping, with cash becoming less common. QR code-based payments are widely adopted in China, making transactions seamless and convenient.
Social classes
Turkey and China have distinct social classes. Turkey has a seen hole among the rich elite and the lower-earnings groups, with a growing center elegance. Social mobility is relatively excessive in Turkey, allowing individuals to move between lessons. The social class shape in China is more complex, with the urban-rural divide being a sizeable aspect. It has seen sizeable financial growth, mainly due to the emergence of a large middle class, but income inequality remains a task.
Social unrest/instability (crime)
Turkey has faced social unrest and instability recently, particularly political tensions. Crime charges in Turkey are considered moderate, with most crimes being non-violent. China has a low crime rate compared to many other international locations. Social unrest and protests occur sporadically in China, frequently pushed using socio-monetary troubles or nearby tensions; the authorities commonly manage them tightly.
Technological
Telecommunication networks (4G or 5G)
Both Turkey and China have properly-mounted 4G networks. However, China has made progress in growing and deploying 5G networks, with vast coverage in most important cities (Wang et al., 2020). Turkey is rolling out its 5G infrastructure, but it is in the early stages and less massive than China’s.
Internet access
China has the largest populace of internet customers globally, with internet penetration achieving over 60% of its public. However, China has strict internet censorship and control mechanisms, typically the Great Firewall. Turkey additionally has a notably excessive net penetration, with less strict censorship policies than China.
Mobile usage
Mobile utilization is time-honored in both Turkey and China. China has a mobile-first tradition, with a huge, wide variety of humans relying closely on smartphones for diverse activities, which include purchasing, social media, and bills. Turkey has experienced a big boom in cellular utilization in recent years, with smartphones becoming increasingly popular for getting the right of entry to and communique.
Transportation infrastructure (costs or efficiency)
China has invested closely in its transportation infrastructure, with an intensive network of high-paced railways, highways, and airports. The transportation machine is known for its efficiency and affordability, specifically the high-paced rail network. Turkey has a well-developed transportation network of roads, railways, and airports (Wang et al., 2020). However, the value of transportation in Turkey may be higher than in China.
Logistic performance index
China consistently ranks some of the top international locations within the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index. It has a well-volved logistics community supported by efficient customs processes and infrastructure. Turkey’s logistics performance has also been improving over the years, with infrastructure investments and customs procedures reforms. However, it lags behind China in terms of overall logistics performance.
Popular social media/apps
Popular social media platforms in Turkey include Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. WhatsApp is likewise broadly used for messaging. In China, social media panorama is special due to the restrictions of Western structures. In China, the social media landscape is ruled by nearby systems due to the limits on Western networks. WeChat, which evolved through Tencent, is one of China’s most well-known social media apps. It is an all-in-one platform with messaging, social networking, cellular payments, and different capabilities. Weibo is another famous platform in China, often known as the Chinese equivalent of Twitter, in which users can percentage and find trending subjects, observe influencers, and interact in discussions. These local apps have created their own social media ecosystem in China, catering to Chinese customers’ particular desires and preferences.
E-Commerce
China and Turkey differ in their e-trade landscapes. China leads globally, with nicely-mounted platforms like Alibaba and JD.Com, superior generation, and a considerable customer base. Turkey’s e-trade marketplace continues to develop, with challenges that include constrained internet entry to and accept as accurate with troubles. Nonetheless, Turkey is running closer to selling e-trade and virtual transformation. China has a greater mature e-commerce market compared to Turkey.
References
Błachnio, A., Przepiórka, A., Gorbaniuk, O., Benvenuti, M., Ciobanu, A. M., Senol-Durak, E., … & Ben-Ezra, M. (2019). Cultural correlates of internet addiction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(4), 258-263. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cyber.2018.0667
Shan, S., Genç, S. Y., Kamran, H. W., & Dinca, G. (2021). Role of green technology innovation and renewable energy in carbon neutrality: A sustainable investigation from Turkey. Journal of Environmental Management, 294, 113004. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479721010665
Wang, J., Yang, M., & Maresova, P. (2020). Sustainable development at higher education in China: A comparative study of students’ perception in public and private universities. Sustainability, 12(6), 2158. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/6/2158
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