Research Paper on Autism

Abstract

Autism, also known as an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental illness that significantly impacts a person’s ability to communicate, interact socially, and behave appropriately. Autism is also known as Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental impairment (Lord et al. pp. 508-520). Despite rising public and scholarly interest in the illness, the causes and mechanisms of autism remain unknown. This essay aims to assess the current state of autism research. This evaluation covers diagnosis, prevalence, heredity, environmental effects, brain correlates, and therapeutic approaches. This research paper will look at the most recent advances in our understanding of the neurological underpinnings of autism. Among these achievements are changing in brain circuitry and synapse function and the likely impact of epigenetic factors and the microbiome. The study also looks into the possible effects of employing genetically modified bacteria. Considering the findings of this research, it is evident that a multidisciplinary approach to understanding autism, including genetics, neurology, and clinical psychology, is required. This is critical in developing improved therapies and resources for autistic persons and their families.

 Introduction

One in 68 American children has autism, a form of developmental disorder, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (CDC). The inability to communicate and interact socially and confined and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or hobbies are diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (Lord et al. pp. 508-520). People with this disorder are also more likely to obsess about unimportant matters. Because autism is a spectrum condition, those diagnosed with it may experience many symptoms. While some with milder signs of autism may be able to live independently, those with more severe symptoms may always need assistance. Despite the increased study, very little is understood about the neurobiology of autism. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of recent studies about autism, the new insights into autism’s underpinnings, hallmarks, and potential remedies for the disorder. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach to autism research is highlighted by this study, which brings together data from various sources to assist people with autism and their families better.

Causes of Autism

Autism is a developmental disorder marked by significant social interaction and communication difficulties rooted in a complex interplay between hereditary and environmental factors. Autism is thought to have heritable solid components. The risk of developing the disease is estimated to be as high as 90% due to genetic factors (Hodges et al. n.p). Genes involved in synapse function, brain development, and immune system regulation have all been proposed as possible causes of autism.

Some research suggests that autism may result from genetic and environmental causes. Maternal infection, early birth, and low birth weight have all been related to an increased risk of autism in their offspring. According to some research, long-term exposure to environmental toxins, including pesticides and heavy metals, may also increase susceptibility to the disease.

Recent research has also focused on the potential role of epigenetic factors in autism development. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and modifications to histones, can affect gene expression, contributing to alterations in how the nervous system forms and functions. Epigenetic abnormalities may influence the development of autism, and there is some evidence that environmental factors play a role in this process.

Symptoms of Autism

There is a wide variety of symptoms associated with autism, and each one might present itself somewhat differently depending on the individual. Restrictive and repetitive interests and behaviors are hallmarks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as are social communication and interaction impairments. These signs and symptoms almost always show early in a person’s development, typically between six and twelve months old (Shuster et al. pp. 90-110). Some of the most common autistic symptoms include:

1. Issues related to interpersonal and social communication and interaction, such as but not limited to:

• Having difficulty reading nonverbal cues like facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language.
• Challenges in making and keeping social connections
• A marked reluctance to engage in retrospective conversation
• Friendship formation and maintenance are complex processes.

2. Habits and hobbies that are limited and monotonous, such as

• Rocking back and forth or flapping one’s hands are repetitive movements.
• Reluctance to change or break with established practices; rigid ritualism.
• Obsessive focus on one or a few topics, excluding other interests or activities.
• Sense-based aversions or sensitivities, such as to certain types of light, sounds, or textures

The following are some other indicators of autism:

• Problems with language acquisition or linguistic pragmatism
• Problems with motor skills or coordination development due to a lack of imaginative play.
• Difficulties in the areas of planning and arranging one’s actions (known as “executive functioning deficits”)

It is important to remember that not everyone with autism will show all of these symptoms and that the severity of symptoms can vary widely from one person to the next. In addition, some people with autism may also suffer from conditions including anxiety, depression, or ADD/ADHD (ADHD). An accurate diagnosis of autism requires a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional with the relevant training.

Diagnosis of Autism

A clinical psychologist, child psychiatrist, or developmental pediatrician can perform the necessary evaluations to diagnose autism. Diagnosis is typically made using a combination of clinical observation, standardized tests, and interviews with the patient’s parents and teachers (Constantino et al. pp. 279-291). The criteria for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder are laid forth in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (ASD). The DSM-5 specifies the following criteria for making an ASD diagnosis:

• Persistent problems with social communication and engagement include difficulties with socio-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and the development, maintenance, and comprehension of relationships.
• Behavioral interest or activity limitations characterized by at least two of the following characteristics: stereotypical or repetitive speech, motor movements, or object use; rigid adherence to routines or ritualized patterns of behavior; excessive concentration on a single interest; hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input; and avoidance of change.
• Yet, symptoms may not become apparent until early childhood, when social demands surpass limited capacities.

Co-occurring disorders screening for diseases like anxiety, depression, or ADHD is commonly a part of the diagnostic procedure with cognitive, linguistic, and adaptive functioning assessments. A physical exam and genetic tests may also be a part of the evaluation to rule out other diseases with comparable symptoms. Early diagnosis and identification are crucial for ensuring that people with autism can access appropriate interventions and support. If you suspect that your kid or a loved one may have autism, it is crucial to have them evaluated by a qualified healthcare professional.

Treatment for Autism

Standard therapy aims for autism include reducing the severity of core symptoms and controlling related comorbidities. There is presently no therapy or cure for autism. However, a variety of interventions and therapies can help persons with autism improve in a variety of areas, such as friendliness, behavior, and communication. Even though there is presently no cure or therapy for autism, many treatments and therapies are helpful.

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

ABA-based therapies are becoming increasingly popular as a viable therapy option for autistic people. By examining and altering a person’s environment, Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) aims to promote desirable skills while decreasing harmful ones (Alves et al. pp. 118664-118672). Customized applied behavioral analysis (ABA) therapy is often more effective for autistic people. The therapist will use techniques such as prompting, shaping, and reinforcing to aid the adoption of new behaviors. The therapist monitors the patient’s progress and makes any necessary changes to the treatment plan. Communication, socialization, play, self-help, and academic skills are just a few areas where ABA therapy can help children and adults. (Nicolaidis pp. 1-3). Some troublesome behaviors that can be effectively treated with ABA include aggression, self-injury, and non-compliance.

The adaptability of ABA in meeting individual needs is a benefit. As new information becomes available, ABA therapists modify their patients’ treatment plans. The treatment can be personalized to the patient’s needs and altered using this strategy. Although ABA effectively supports individuals with autism in improving various abilities and behaviors, it is critical to remember that it is not a cure for autism. Early intervention and ABA therapy generate the best results. Sadly, due to the high cost and lengthy duration of ABA therapy, not all people with autism have access to it.

Speech and Language Therapy

As a result of their difficulties in speaking, many persons with autism benefit greatly from speech and language therapy (Adams et al. pp.233-244). This is because many persons with autism struggle to put their emotions into words. Language skills (the ability to articulate one’s thoughts in words) and people skills (the capability to understand and utilize the language of others) fall under this category (the ability to use language in social contexts). Individual sessions are the norm for speech-language pathologists when working with patients (SLP) as the initial step in providing effective speech and language therapy, an evaluation of the client’s strengths and weaknesses is performed by the speech-language pathologist (SLP).

Speech therapists tailor their services to each individual’s needs and objectives. Procedures will vary from patient to patient. The following are examples of methods frequently used in speech and language therapy for autistic patients:

• Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC): A more formal term for this concept is supplementary and alternative forms of communication. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems may include sign language, visual communication, and computer communication devices.
• Talk therapy for social interaction: Social communication therapy aims to help people with autism improve their social and interpersonal abilities through language. Children of all ages can benefit from learning to connect constructively with others, which is why social skills training is necessary.
• Language-based Linguistically-oriented: CBT is a common abbreviation for cognitive behavioral therapy. Conversational therapy incorporates cognitive behavioral strategies. Individuals who have been given an autism diagnosis may benefit from this method in their efforts to gain self-control.
• Articulation treatment: This type of speech treatment helps people with speech problems speak more clearly and precisely.
• Treatment for Fluency: The goal of speech therapy’s fluency component is to help the patient’s speech sound more fluid and regular. Fluency treatment is another name for this kind of psychotherapy. Those with autism who stutter or have other communication challenges may benefit significantly from this treatment.

Occupational Therapy

Occupational therapy, sometimes known as OT, is a form of treatment for persons who have autism that focuses on assisting them in building the skills necessary to take part in meaningful work (Como et al. p. 135). It is common practice to conduct one-on-one sessions with an autistic patient’s occupational therapist while the therapist provides occupational therapy (OT). The OTR/L will evaluate the patient and devise a customized treatment strategy based on the patient’s particular requirements.

Occupational therapy for children diagnosed with autism typically employs several strategies, including the following:

• Integration of Sensory Modalities: Helping autistic patients improve their ability to absorb and make sense of the information they receive from their senses is the primary goal of the treatment modality known as sensory integration. It has been demonstrated that engaging in beneficial activities such as swinging, spinning, and using weighted blankets can be helpful.
• Fine Motor Skill Improvement: Learning how to use one’s smaller muscles effectively for specific activities like writing or cutting means “developing one’s fine motor talents.” People with autism may benefit from occupational therapy in which they participate in activities that help them develop their fine motor skills. Some examples of these activities include sketching, coloring, and playing with small toys.
• Gross Motor Skill Development: The term “large motor skill development” refers to exercising the body’s larger muscles through performing activities such as running and jumping. People with autism can benefit from occupational therapy in several ways, including improving their gross motor skills by being encouraged to participate in activities such as playing catch or being instructed on how to utilize playground equipment.
• Adaptive Skill Development: Some examples of adaptive talents are the capacity to dress, feed, and groom oneself without assistance from another person. Occupational therapy (OT) can benefit people on the autism spectrum by allowing them to perform skills such as dressing and grooming themselves.
• Environmental Modification: Improving one’s local environment to be more agreeable and present fewer challenges is an environmental modification. It may be beneficial to put up visual schedules or to cut down on the number of things distracting in the home or the classroom.

Social Skills Training

Social skills training is occasionally used as a treatment for autism; its goal is to teach people with autism appropriate methods to interact with others. Greeting others, keeping conversations going, detecting nonverbal clues, and comprehending social context are all areas where people with autism may have difficulty (Soares et al. pp.166-180). One systematic approach to teaching social skills is one-on-one or small-group sessions with a certified therapist. Together, the therapist and patient will determine which aspects of interpersonal communication need improvement, and the therapist will offer recommendations for training in those areas. Social skills training can take several forms, depending on the learner and the objectives they wish to achieve. The following are a few more typical approaches to help those with autism learn social skills.

• Social Stories: Those who have trouble comprehending social contexts and behaviors deemed appropriate in those settings may benefit from reading “social stories,” which are condensed versions of broader narratives (Karkhaneh et al. pp.641-662).
• Role-playing: Role-playing allows you to practice interactions with others safely and nonthreateningly. Autistic person can improve their social skills by role-playing with a therapist or other individual who assumes the role of a conversation partner or social situation.
• Video Modeling: To engage in video modeling, one must observe people in various films before attempting to mimic their real-life behavior (Kurnaz et al. pp. 455-469).
• Group Therapy: People with autism can benefit from group therapy because it provides a safe and supportive setting to hone their social skills. Peer support and feedback are two potential extra gains from group therapy.

Training in social skills can help autistic people gain the sociability they need to have fulfilling relationships with others. It’s essential to remember that while social skills training may help some people with autism, it’s not a cure for the disorder and won’t necessarily help everyone who could benefit from it. When treating autistic people, it’s essential to have a wide range of interventions and therapies at your disposal so that you may find the ones that work best for each individual.

Medications

Pharmaceuticals are just one form of treatment that can help certain autistic persons. Treatment with medication is frequently used to control the aggressive, anxious, and hyperactive behaviors of autistic people. Medication should be combined with other approaches because it is not a standalone treatment for autism. Medicines must only be taken as directed and under the guidance of a trained medical professional (a psychiatrist or pediatrician). Specific drugs used to treat conditions on the autistic spectrum include:

• Antipsychotics are frequently used to address the aggressiveness, irritability, and other problematic behaviors of autistic people. Risperidone and aripiprazole are two standard antipsychotics.
• The hyperactivity and difficulty focusing that autistic people experience routinely treated with stimulants. Dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate are two common stimulants.
• Inhibitors of selective serotonin reuptake (SSRIs) are frequently prescribed to treat anxiety and depression in autistic individuals. Popular antidepressants like fluoxetine and sertraline are examples of SSRIs.
• Antidepressants are a typical treatment for autism, which frequently manifests as mood swings and violence. Examples include mood stabilizers and anticonvulsants like carbamazepine and valproic acid.
• Using sleeping pills: Many people with autism say they have trouble falling or staying asleep. Some persons with autism may find falling and remaining asleep easier when using sleep aids like melatonin.

Conclusion

In conclusion, autism is a severe developmental disease that can affect a person’s life. Yet, it is also believed that environmental causes cause autism. The key to providing individuals with autism the support and care they need to thrive is early diagnosis and intervention. Medication, occupational therapy, social skills training, and speech and language therapy are some options for patients with autism. These methods can considerably improve the lives of autistic people by assisting them with communication, socialization, and behavioral regulation. A person’s specific constellation of symptoms and life circumstances dictate an individual approach to treating autism. Effective treatment plans can only be developed and implemented with input from healthcare experts, educators, and family members. Better treatments and therapies become available to people with autism as autism research develops. The ultimate aim is to build a society where people from all walks of life can thrive. Those with autism spectrum disorders are included in this category.

References

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Alves, Fábio Junior, et al. “Applied behavior analysis for the treatment of autism: A systematic review of assistive technologies.” IEEE Access 8 (2020): 118664-118672.

Como, Dominique H., et al. “Oral health and autism spectrum disorders: A unique collaboration between dentistry and occupational therapy.” International journal of environmental research and public health 18.1 (2021): 135.

Constantino, John N., and Tony Charman. “Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: reconciling the syndrome, its diverse origins, and variation in expression.” The Lancet Neurology 15.3 (2016): 279-291.

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Shuster, Jill, et al. “Review of factor analytic studies examining symptoms of autism spectrum disorders.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 44 (2014): 90-110.

Soares, Erin E., et al. “Social skills training for autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis of in-person and technological interventions.” Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science 6 (2021): 166-180.