Introduction
Thomas Hobbes, one of the most influential philosophers in political philosophy, put forth a compelling view on human nature and why there is a need for a sovereign power in his book “Leviathan.” In this essay, we will take a critical look at Hobbes’ conception of human nature, examining if he got it right concerning the condition of nature if the sovereign power is a necessity, and what issues he may have. In our evaluation, we look to answer these questions to provide a detailed and all-encompassing assessment of Hobbes’ political theory and its underlying principles of human existence.
My Argument/Stance
According to Hobbes, the state of nature is a continuous war of all against all, which is an accurate description of the particular conflict and insecurity present in pre-political human existence. Empirical data from current anthropological work and historical accounts gives credit to this picture, showing how all the time’s centers of authority were missing; there was never peace. Therefore, Hobbes’ presumption that without a common umpire or leader, man would fall into disorder is confirmed. In addition, the fact that Hobbes believes that such a powerful sovereign would be able to ensure social order is incredibly persuasive (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, n.d.). The state of nature, marked by uncertainties and instability, would not be able to favor the existence of humans in the absence of a strong sovereign capable of providing the needed security and stability for human beings to flourish. However, a question could be raised whether the rule of absolute sovereignty might be undesirable owing to the apprehensions of tyranny and oppression or the other extreme of the state of nature, unrestrained violence and insecurity, is worse.
Hobbes presents a very reasonable case in defense of absolute sovereignty when discussing whether a sovereign power needs to be absolute. Such power would be redundant if absolute power were not provided, as any restrictions on sovereign authority would defeat the purpose of such authority in keeping the society from sinking into chaos by not being able to prevent the disorder or enforce the agreed social contract (Williams, 2003). Absolute sovereignty can be regarded as authoritarian power, but it is a necessary evil for a well-ordered society.
Evidence to Support My Argument
The broad-based empirical evidence for Hobbes’ depiction of the state of nature is provided from historical records and anthropological studies such as Williams (2003) and the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (n.d.). As evidenced by tribal wars, intergroup conflicts, and within-group violence, the absence of centralized power is exemplified by the widespread unrestricted conflict across various cultures and historical periods. For example, anthropological studies among indigenous tribes have explored the forms of territorial disputes, resource competition, and violent warfare as a response to personal slights or social transgressions (Williams, 2003). Also, narratives from records reveal the frequent occurrence of warfare and power plays among the rulers and leaders of ancient societies, who fought with each other for this and the other. These case studies can be taken as proof of Hobbes’ point that in the case of a lack of a common umpire or leader, conflict does not cease, and as a result, insecurity will prevail.
In addition, Hobbes holds out for the beneficial effects of the rule of an omnipotent sovereign in numerous historical situations where political problems and religious conflicts have caused chaos and strife. Throughout history, volatile periods and turbulent social unrest have typically led to the degradation of central authority and increased competitor power structures. The Wars of Religion in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries were tumultuous; many religious sects tried to dominate each other through violence and political upheaval (Williams, 2003). The downfall of ancient empires is also illustrated by their ability to grapple with the breakout of civil wars among rival warlords struggling to take over the power of the whole empire. During each of these historical eras, the principle of ‘centralized authority’ was viewed as necessary for maintaining the peace and stability of the state in the chaos of different and opposing interests and ideologies.
Hobbes’s central argument that the possibility of absolute sovereignty abuse can be solved is built on the practical purpose of the state as a permanent guarantee of peace and security. Absolute sovereignty, on the one hand, can imply limitations on certain freedoms. However, on the other hand, the alternative – a state of nature – would be the one that is uncontrollably violent and insecure (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, n.d.). When no one acts as a sovereign entity to enforce laws and settle disputes, people are left without any protection from those they live with, and that is where the incessant fight and confusion thrive. However, absolute sovereignty can be considered a necessary evil because if absolute rulers use their absolute power to produce social order, the chaos and violence it may cause is enormous.
In conclusion, Thomas Hobbes’ idea of human nature and the principle of sovereign power refers to the essential elements that maintain political authority and social order decisions. Though in his depiction of the state of nature, even the least optimistic one may see only conflicts and insecurities of the pre-political stage of human existence, his picture is accurate and truthful. Moreover, sovereignty is the central argument of his work, founded on the pragmatic appraisal of the perils of unchecked human passions and the necessity for safety and order. Indeed, even though Hobbes’ political theory has certain drawbacks, it is still a landmark that provides much insight into society and political authority.
References
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (n.d.). Western Theories of Justice. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iep.utm.edu/justwest/#SH3a
Williams, G. (2003). Hobbes, Thomas: Moral and Political Philosophy. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iep.utm.edu/hobmoral/
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