Introduction
Health sector involvement in health policy and the law greatly impacts how public health is delivered, how people act and reason, where they live, and the organization itself. This enhances general public health (Wilensky & Teitelbaum, 2019). Courts regularly debate whether health policies should be seen as merely policy goals outside the reach of the law or as policy requirements commendable of equal weight. Because it routinely establishes legal precedents, health policy shapes legislation. However, the development of policies is centered on evidence-based research because each public health issue has unique challenges, possibilities, and constraints. When developing a policy proposal, legislators and stakeholders must first determine the public health problem they are saying and how to achieve best-practice outcomes, which is done using evidence. Hesitancy to receive a vaccine will be covered in our paper.
Health policy Issue
The idea of vaccine acceptance refers to how people believe in, accept, or reject immunization. Due to various factors, such as ignorance, inaccurate information, and irrational or religious convictions, individuals may be unwilling or hesitant to get vaccinated. Since vaccine hesitancy is a challenge that the globe is currently facing, notably in the USA, the Coronavirus vaccine was chosen as the health policy topic. Using the present vaccine hesitancy to convey the issue to someone who has never heard of it would be a great idea. Because they do not accept what the CDC or the U.S. president has to say regarding the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, adults in America are hesitant to get immunized. Many adults hesitate to get this vaccine since it has a short shelf life of fewer than two years. They fear that this vaccine’s speedy development, wide distribution, and use will have huge repercussions on their healthcare that have yet to be identified through research (Wilson & Wiysonge, 2020).
Key Stakeholders and Interest Groups
Three parties are affected by vaccine reluctance: the public/citizens, medical professionals, and the CDC. Vaccination reluctance harms all stakeholders, highly susceptible groups, and underserved areas, as we have seen with the COVID-19 epidemic. 39% of adults in our State over 18 have yet to obtain any of the adult vaccinations recommended by the CDC due to vaccine reluctance. Because certain members of these communities cannot acquire vaccinations and rely on vaccination coverage to protect them from specific diseases, this issue impacts underprivileged groups like immunocompromised individuals. According to Herd Immunity (2021), When a sizable section of the population has received immunization and developed immunity to a disease, it is rare for that sickness to spread from individual to individual. Since 39 percent of individuals over eighteen are presently unvaccinated, herd immunity will likely not develop for several diseases. This leads to the disease’s continuous spread and may raise the mortality risk in disadvantaged and underserved populations.
Influence on Decision Making
Stakeholder Needs
Everyone must feel safe in their area and endangered from an infection that vaccines can prevent. The population is also required to have more confidence in medical practitioners and more information about the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination. Lack of access to more affordable services, such as immunizations, by the general populace, could deter vaccinations. According to Cascini et al. (2021), vaccine reluctance suggests that to meet public needs, “stress should be placed on educating the population, primarily the less informed publics and those in reserved regions, about the complete process of vaccine design and authorization .”More public education about creating and approving vaccines is required because vaccine reluctance is one of the main barriers to vaccination. It is important to remember that, despite increased education, the general population still has to trust the sources of the information because only some have confidence in institutions or elected officials to provide it—education from a source that the general public trusts are necessary to lessen vaccine reluctance.
Notwithstanding differences, the demands of healthcare professionals and the general population are quite similar. Although most healthcare workers are required to get their vaccinations, they also want to feel protected in their workplace and have faith that the municipality they oblige is immune to the outbreaks that can be averted with vaccines. Also, there is immunizations hesitancy among medical care providers, mainly regarding the COVID-19 vaccine, which jeopardizes their employment prospects if they avoid getting it. According to a recent poll on vaccination reluctance in medical practitioners during the COVID-19 outbreak, care teams, professionals, and patients need to communicate more with one another concerning vaccines. The research states that although “for healthcare personnel, their attention has been mainly on giving medical staffs on the front line precedence, vaccination uptake lagged greatly in the absence of dependable communication” (Toth-Manikowski et al., 2021, p. 15). Healthcare providers must have a job, but if they are vaccine-hesitant, vaccination laws may imperil that career. The safety and well-being of coworkers and the populations that healthcare workers serve will be impacted if they are not immunized.
The CDC was extremely important in the vaccination debate and vaccine resistance. According to the CDC’s website, its Global Immunization Section “works closely with a wide range of organizations to safeguard global people against infectious and existing vaccine-preventable illness .”The CDC has a big investment in the vaccination hesitancy problem because this campaign is expected to save 2 to 4 million lives annually. Since vaccination greatly reduces or eliminates several infectious diseases for which the CDC is responsible for designing and executing control measures, the CDC mandates that the general public engages in their immunization programs. If adults choose not to receive vaccinations, the CDC must deploy more strategies to reduce the dissemination of infectious illnesses (CDC Global Health – Vaccines and Immunization, 2021).
As was already established, hesitant vaccination recipients suffer various adverse consequences. Due to immunosuppression, vaccine intolerance, or other medical conditions, some at-risk groups cannot get vaccinated. The disadvantaged populations rely on the majority of the population to immunize them in order to lower their chance of contracting viral infections that can be avoided by vaccination. Poor and disadvantaged areas, like vulnerable individuals, further depend on their community to get inoculated to protect them, but they also may have limited healthcare options, including vaccination.
Health Policy Influence
The three mentioned stakeholders are the CDC, medical professionals, and the general public, and their impacts on health policy vary. Local, StateState, and federal policies impact people in the overall population and population health. The general public can affect public health policies by speaking out and getting attention to health concerns that impact them and their public. Because they inform those in charge of health policies about problems that are surfacing in the community and impacting them, the general public greatly influences health policy. In order to address them, action must be taken (Determinants of Health | Healthy Persons 2020, 2021). If no challenges need to be addressed to establish health policy and law, they cannot be produced. Health policies are still created with the general public in mind and aim to promote positive health results, even though the general people has a more muted effect on health policy.
Health policies, in turn, can influence how patients are treated today and in the future; therefore, people who work in the healthcare sector also have a say in those policies. Some healthcare professionals achieve this by becoming members of organizations where they meet to debate the partnerships, assets, and strategies for cancer policy. In order to improve the health of their patients, healthcare providers may recommend certain policies to federal, regional, and local municipalities. These governments can collaborate with local, StateState, and national authorities to implement these policies. Speaking before Congress is also open to healthcare practitioners. Being people who deliver healthcare services daily, healthcare providers have a say in what they think would or would not enhance patient outcomes. The ONS is only one instance of how medical care providers can engage in healthcare policy. Instead of being subtly influential, healthcare practitioners have a more direct impact on healthcare policy (White & Whaley, 2019).
The CDC’s specialized department continuously seeks to improve; they even affect medical policy. The CDC collects information on every aspect of healthcare and makes data available to decision-makers so that they can affect health policy. Since the CDC is a trustworthy scientific source for statistics on illnesses, clinical outcomes, and various medical conditions, its data considerably impact how health policies are established (CDC, 2021). They have a big impact on healthcare policy because some of it is based on the research of this stakeholder. The CDC also has a more immediate effect on healthcare regulations.
Benefits and Drawbacks
As mentioned above, all three partners are negatively impacted by the healthcare crisis. For all the reasons listed above, vaccine hesitancy has a detrimental impact on the general public, medical professionals, and the CDC. Since herd immunity can only be achieved if, at most, 75% of the population is immunized against certain infectious diseases, vaccine resistance is harmful to the wider public. For the same reasons, the general public, which is immunosuppressed, defenseless, and underserved, is also affected. If herd immunity cannot be developed, the population are more prone to contracting the illness, experiencing long-term adverse effects, or passing awaySome vaccine hesitancy may also hinder an individual’s ability to find a job due to vaccination policies inside the employers’ company. As we saw with the COVID-19 outbreak, herd immunity has yet to be achieved, resulting in social exclusion, restrictions, a shortage of daycare, and a lack of medical care for the general populace.
Because it may be harder for them to find employment and treating clients who are not vaccinated puts them at higher risk, healthcare providers who choose not to be vaccinated also experience vaccination hesitation. Due to a lack of vaccination, hospitals are frequently inundated with infectious disease patients. Current news reports on the COVID-19 epidemic claim that unvaccinated adults infect numerous hospitals across America. The National Guard has now been dispatched to hospitals throughout the StateState due to an excessive patient population and a lack of ICU beds driven on by people who have yet to get the COVID-19 vaccine in the Nation of Maine alone (Impelli, 2021). Since there is no herd immunity, healthcare professionals are also at a disadvantage. They are more likely to have an infection themselves, may run out of equipment to treat their people, and may need to put in long hours to meet the rising needs of individuals.
The CDC are in a vulnerable position due to vaccine reluctance as they have to find additional prevention action against the contagious diseases that the vaccines were intended to prevent and since they cannot accomplish their goals of eliminating the disease. The CDC will always need to hunt for new ways to eradicate viral infection, which is their main benefit in dealing with vaccination reluctance. The CDC needs more time or resources to complete that work; therefore, it may also be considered a disadvantage.
Value Conflict Analysis and General Decision Making
When someone holds strongly held ideas that contradict with their own values or the ideals of an organization or group, there is a value conflict. Value disagreements can result from a variety of things, such as a person’s upbringing, variations in society and religion, and others. When right and wrong fight with one another, you see a lot of value conflicts in policy making. When a stakeholder in healthcare and its stakeholders needs to agree on goals, agendas, or requirements, value conflict may occur. Value conflicts among stakeholders in the health sector can arise when there are major differences in ideas, attitudes, or viewpoints and when the persons concerned are unwilling or unable to compromise.
Conflicts between stakeholder values can occur across the public health system; one of these issues involves vaccines. When all stakeholders’ varied demands and interests need to be better articulated, there is a stakeholder value conflict. According to Analysis of Stakeholder Needs and Interest, (2018), Healthcare providers, doctors, and experts approve that vaccines are trustworthy and operative; nonetheless, there are a rising number of families deciding not to immunize their kids due to beliefs, myths, and disinformation that they get. All three parties mentioned in this report may have divergent values on vaccine reluctance. Conflicts of values, such as religious beliefs that disagree that vaccination ought to be available to all, personal convictions, or plain mistrust of the authority supporting vaccines, account for the bulk of vaccine resistance.
As was previously seen during the COVID-19 crisis, populations have a great deal of value conflict over the COVID-19 vaccine because they do not think it is effective. Since the vaccine is still in its early stages of research and its long-term effects are unknown, the general population has said they are hesitant to get vaccinated. Some people choose not to get immunized because they do not trust authorities and institutions like the CDC. Healthcare providers around the country are currently struggling with the COVID-19 vaccine because the majority are forced to get the shot or risk losing their jobs. Since the CDC is a government organization and has been studying and promoting the COVID-19 vaccine as it does all vaccines, it does not have a conflict of interest when it comes to vaccines, with the exception of the fact that more individuals are losing trust in them and may not always assume their scientific data. The fundamental driver of vaccination resistance in modern culture is value conflict, which, regrettably, has gotten worse as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak.
While deciding on health policy, it is crucial to take non-financial partners impacts into account, especially as these interests would be most affected by the choice. The CDC, the general public, and medical professionals are all directly impacted by vaccination-related health rules, which has a huge effect on all of them. The public’s overall health is impacted by vaccination regulations, which also place pressure on decision-makers in legislation and the medical community to make decisions that will benefit the majority of the population. The CDC and the medical community are under pressure to collaborate with the regional, StateState, and national gov’t to enforce immunization programs in order to safeguard both the general public and themselves. The CDC, which creates the vaccines, is responsible for ensuring everyone’s safety and collaborating with lawmakers to distribute vaccines worldwide. They consequently have a big impact on the vaccination-related health policies that are put in place.
Influence on Financial Practices
Stakeholder Needs
Each of these stakeholders has a certain financial need regarding vaccine reluctance. Because most insurances cover all vaccinations, the general population often does not have a financial necessity to receive immunizations. A citizen needing insurance must finance from their pocket for any vaccinations, except the COVID-19 vaccine, which is free for all U.S. inhabitants over five. A person without insurance can get any vaccination they desire, but the expense may make them hesitant to get one or contribute to their decision to forego it. Consideration should be given to the expense of vaccines for people without insurance, as this is a obstacle to immunization and raises vaccine hesitancy. Since the COVID-19 vaccine was released, studies have been conducted on increasing vaccination rates in the U.S. Despite the fact that several States have provided financial incentives to the general people to become inoculated, it has been discovered that these incentives have very little influence on the dissemination of COVID-19 vaccinations. Despite the COVID-19 vaccine being free for all U.S. citizens and some people having financial incentives to get vaccinated, the number of people who have received vaccinations has stayed the same (Chang et al., 2021).
The financial requirements of stakeholders in the healthcare industry vary regarding immunization reluctance. When a nurses and other medical provider delivers a vaccine, both the cost of the immunization and the administration cost is paid for by the patient’s insurance. A patient’s capacity to make a living is impacted by the fact that they may only occasionally be eligible for compensation for the expense of administering the vaccine if they have insurance. Suppose a patient obtains the COVID-19 vaccine but does not have insurance (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2022). In that case, the healthcare provider may submit a claim for reimbursement through the Health Resources. While giving the COVID-19 vaccine to uninsured patients may result in reimbursement, other vaccines only sometimes fall under this category. For the influenza shot, for instance, Medicare pays providers 95% of the average wholesale cost, but the government reimburses vaccines at varying rates (Schwartz et al., 2020). Healthcare providers, including those who supply and administer vaccines, must make money from their services to meet their financial commitments. Every insured vaccination that a person chooses to receive pays the medical professionals. The amount of money that healthcare practitioners and organizations make each year could be impacted by a drop in vaccines brought on by vaccine reluctance.
Payment might be made for giving the COVID-19 shot to those without insurance. With other vaccines, this is only occasionally the case. Medicare, for example, compensates healthcare providers for influenza shots at 95% of the average wholesale cost, while the StateState reimburses vaccines at various rates (Schwartz et al., 2020). Healthcare providers, including those who provide and administer vaccines, must make money from the services they provide in order to fulfill their financial commitments. A decrease in vaccinations owing to vaccine hesitancy could impact how much money these groups and providers make each year because every insured vaccination individuals choose to receive pays for the healthcare providers. The CDC receives $42.97 for each dose of HPV vaccination they acquire through a commercial contract, giving them a considerable financial incentive to promote public immunization (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022). As the CDC earns a sizable profit from vaccination pacts, if more people exhibit vaccine hesitation, fewer vaccinations will be obtained, which will have a big negative impact on their profit margin. As the CDC must spend much money on vaccine development and production and anticipates recovering part of those costs through immunization delivery, increased vaccine resistance has a huge financial burden.
Those who live in disadvantaged areas and those who are members of vulnerable groups may not be able to afford vaccines or obtain health coverage to pay for them for a variety of causes, even if they do have access to them. It is important to consider each stakeholder’s financial demands related to vaccinations to develop methods to decrease vaccination reluctance. Having cheaper vaccines for everyone, regardless of health insurance, might lessen anti-vaccination sentiment. That might only sometimes be the case, though, as with the COVID-19 vaccination. When vaccination reluctance increases, the CDC’s income from vaccine services declines, as do those of the healthcare providers. Policymakers may decide to implement extra community immunization initiatives after learning this. By considering that these regions and individuals have limited access to vaccines, it is simpler to bring community immunization programs to poor areas and vulnerable groups to reduce vaccine reluctance in those communities.
Financial Influence
The public, healthcare workers and the CDC are the three stakeholders who now have a role in how much funds are disbursed on vaccines and initiatives to lessen vaccine reluctance. The public at large is the group that needs vaccines the most because they are the ones who harbor and transmit the infections that they are intended to prevent. The general population has a variety of influences on how vaccinations are now supported in along with generating the need for vaccines. The economy is harmed by the general public’s vaccine hesitance in a number of ways, including when people are unable to work because they are unvaccinated or when they become ill with an illness that can be prevented by vaccination. Being anti-vaccine makes immunization more necessary, which may affect how much money the CDC invests in developing and distributing vaccines. Employees who fail to comply with COVID-19 vaccination requirements have been fired by many companies nationally; many of these employees also decide to resign before being fired. Estimates from October 2021 state that “these staffs make up only a tiny part of all employees, not even 1% in some organizations.
Nonetheless, it can add up to thousands of individuals in several states. Depending on where they live, those thousands of people can have a sizable financial impact on the community’s economy and the businesses they work for (Hsu, 2021). It can be assumed that people who choose not to get vaccinated have a higher financial impact on the country’s economy, even if it is unknown how the general public influences the financial management of vaccines.
Benefits and Disadvantages
As indicated, the CDC and the medical professionals who administer the vaccines profit financially from higher vaccination rates. The general public, the CDC, and healthcare professionals all suffer from the drop in vaccination coverage brought on by vaccine hesitancy. The CDC develops and provides vaccines to the medical industry, earning revenue from each dose of vaccine sold. As a result, the CDC will sell fewer vaccinations and suffer a financial loss if more people opt not to get vaccinated. Medical practitioners that administer vaccinations are compensated by insurance, or a patient with adequate finances may pay the doctor directly out of pocket. Healthcare professionals are at a disadvantage if they opt not to administer vaccinations owing to vaccine hesitancy because there is a chance of financial gain. Due to their higher risk for avoidable infections that could cause major sickness or death, the general public suffers financially from vaccination reluctance as they cannot work for a living and support their family. The inability to work puts the general public at a financial disadvantage because they cannot meet their basic demands for food, shelter, and other basics of life.
On the other hand, increased immunization benefits all three parties financially. The CDC will be better equipped to promote vaccinations to the healthcare industry and gain more financing if vaccination rates increase. This money will go toward the development of new immunizations and other therapeutics for diseases like cancer. Medical personnel will benefit financially from administering more vaccinations because they will earn money for each dosage, but they could also be hazardous. Increased immunization rates result in a healthy adult that needs less expensive medical treatment for diseases that can be avoided. By minimizing the need for treatment, increased vaccination can lower the overall profit that healthcare workers can make from all the treatments they provide. The general public suffers a similar predicament; At the same time, they obtain financial benefits from vaccinations because they are healthier overall and can work more hours and make more money; immunizations can be highly expensive for the general public, particularly if they do not have insurance. As they can work, the vulnerable group and those who reside in underserved areas will financially benefit from increased vaccination. However, if they decide against getting vaccinated and get sick from a condition that can be prevented, they will suffer a disadvantage.
Competing Value Conflicts
Financial value conflicts exist when there is a conflict between pursuing one’s financial interests and upholding the major principles of truthfulness, efficiency, accuracy, and objectivity. Financial value conflicts can occur when one party perceives their financial benefit as unfair, untrustworthy, dishonest, or unreliable. Many people are afraid of vaccinations because they lack faith in governmental institutions like the CDC, which they claim merely administer vaccines for financial benefit and do not take the appropriate procedures to guarantee their security. Today, many people in the general public think that the vaccine was hastily developed and insufficiently investigated in terms of its long-term harmful health effects since the StateState solely intended to profit from the immunizations, especially in light of the COVID-19 outbreak. The CDC stands to gain significantly financially from the development and rapid adoption of vaccines, which could lead to vaccine resistance because it might seem like they are only doing it for their own financial benefit and are not thinking about the safety and welfare of the people getting the vaccines (The Office of Research Integrity. (n.d.).)
Financial Decision Making
As mentioned above, the three parties with the most financial sway over vaccine decisions—the CDC, medical professionals, and the general public—are the stakeholders relating to vaccine hesitation. The CDC is considered the world’s leading authority on vaccines. It greatly influences public health legislation about vaccine safety, availability, and cost because it creates, distributes, and establishes the costs of all vaccinations. Before any vaccination is mandated by law or put into practice for the benefit of public health, the efficacy, viability, and side effects are tracked by the CDC (Bloom, Canning, & Weston, 2017). Legislators will also hear from members of the public about how they interpret CDC data, whether they support or oppose vaccination laws, and how much money they think ought to be allocated for healthcare and immunizations. The general public also engages with legislative officials through their healthcare providers to discuss their wants, issues, and recommendations regarding vaccine policies.
The financial impacts that each of these parties has on vaccinations must be taken into account because they have varying degrees of control and influence over how vaccine policies are developed. Because they benefit the most from immunizations and spend the most on their discovery, production, and distribution, the CDC has the biggest financial stake in them. Let us say the CDC has data that demonstrates how well a vaccination prevents infectious diseases. If so, it is more probable that legislation requiring vaccinations for those working for the government or in institutions like schools will be passed. The information the CDC offers to legislators has a significant impact on how vaccine policies are carried out. Knowing who has the most sway over healthcare policy helps the general public understand how to become engaged, whom to contact, and how to collaborate to reform or develop policies to suit the ever-changing demands of the global community.
Recommendation
Position Statement
It is suggested that adult immunizations be necessary for some state-funded positions as a result of the findings from the review and examination of the potential drawbacks with adult immunization and the influence of each important participant on the viability or otherwise of vaccine policy. As it is more difficult to preserve herd immunity when people are not immunized, which might result in the spread of infectious diseases that can be fatal, it is evident that the consequences of not getting immunized outweigh the benefits. To ensure the safety of its employees, clients, and the general public, the business should demand adult vaccines for select state-funded professions, based on all the findings. By requiring vaccinations for specific state-funded occupations, the possibility that employees may miss work due to illness from such viral infections is considerably decreased. The general health of the populace will increase, and there will be much less likely that person will infect customers. If the organization requires adult vaccinations, it should be prepared to replace them or have a follow up plan to guarantee that their jobs remain occupied. It is important to consider every justification for adults choosing not to get vaccinated.
Individuals are far less likely to miss work when they suffer from such viral illnesses when immunizations are required for certain state-funded occupations. The population’s overall health will improve, and there will be much less chance that employees will spread disease to clients. In order to ensure that their jobs are still filled, the organization should be ready to replace them if adult vaccines are required. It is crucial to consider all possible reasons why adults decide not to receive vaccinations. To reduce vaccine reluctance, all staff members ought to be provided with scientific information, given a chance to ask questions, and even have an expert explain the benefits and drawbacks of the vaccine and address any concerns. A sudden vaccination requirement without prior notice is discouraged since it can cause vaccine scepticism among all employees. Instead, the process should be step-by-step and contain a timeframe so that staff members are fully aware of what to expect and when to expect it.
References
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