Mr. C claims that he has gained around 100 pounds throughout his time at the outpatient program over the last two to three years. He also suffers from sleep disorders, a possibly serious sleep disease in which breathing begins and ends, as well as high blood pressure, which he controls by reducing his sodium intake. Fasting glucose and blood pressure in Mr. C are both exceedingly high, measuring 172/98 and 146 mg/dL, respectively. This indicates that Mr. C’s fasting glucose is impaired. As per the study, this type of pre-diabetes raises the risk of acquiring type 2 diabetes in the future. Aside from that, he has ankle swelling and pruritis, both caused by fluid collection in the ankle or foot area. Mr. C’s total cholesterol level is also higher than it should be, putting him at a higher risk of developing heart disease in the future. Additionally, according to a basic metabolic profile, the client’s serum creatinine level is 1.8 mg/dL. His BUN level is 32 mg/dL, both of which are symptoms of impaired renal function.
Potential Health Risks for Obesity and Bariatric Surgery
According to the clinical indicators reported by Mr. C, overweight and obesity are associated with a variety of potential health hazards. Cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes due to resistance to insulin, gall bladder condition, high LDL cholesterol, fatty liver disease, and raised blood glucose levels are examples of such conditions. Mr. C Health Case, on the other hand, has health concerns that vary based on the individual. Mr. C is a candidate for bariatric surgery, which is an appropriate option (Sarwer & Heinberg, 2020). Weight loss surgery, which includes gastric bypass and other types of weight-loss surgical interventions that change the digestive system in an effort to lose weight once exercise and diet have failed, or when an individual has underlying health issues that are attributed to obesity, is included in this category. Mr. C satisfies all of the criteria for bariatric surgery: he has a BMI greater than 40, high blood pressure, a diabetes-related ailment, and weighs below 450 pounds, among other things.
Functional Health Patterns
Perception of one’s health; Mr. C claims that he has been overweight since he was a child. He, on the other hand, has gained approximately 100 pounds over the last few years. He is well aware of his obesity and is currently looking for information on bariatric surgery to help him shed some pounds. Controlling his hypertension with sodium restriction is the goal of the client’s health management strategy. For nutrition, Mr. C’s diet is minimal in sodium intake. Because of the elevated cholesterol readings, it is possible that the patient consumes a high amount of saturated fats. Mr. C’s health case study revealed that he did not have any metabolic illnesses depending on his hospital assessments. Mr. C has been eliminated, but no information is given regarding his elimination status. The data, on the other hand, indicate that there is a probability of kidney damage. Physical activity/exercise; Mr. C spends the majority of his time sitting due to his job as just a telephone catalog center. Sleep/Relaxation- the customer has sleep apnea, which makes it difficult for him to sleep. Cognitive/perceptual difficulties are not detected; there are no cognitive issues. Mr. C is cognizant of his current health state and is actively seeking treatment, according to his own perception. The case study does not provide any information about the role relationships. In terms of sexuality and reproduction, Mr. C does not specify his sexual preferences. When it comes to stress and coping, it is not stated how the customer handles stressful situations.
Health problems that are actual or maybe potential as a result of Mr. C’s functional health patterns include hypertension and obesity. Health problems that are actual or maybe potential as a result of Mr. C’s functional health patterns include hypertension, obesity, sleep apnea, end-stage renal disease, and cardiovascular ailments.
Staging and Contributing Factors of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
This condition is a degenerative health condition; kidney failure can be divided into five phases: phases 1, 2, 3, A and B, 4, and 5, with ESRD as the last stage. In stage 1, the glomerular filtration rate, measured in milliliters per minute per square meter of ground surface area (ml/min/1.73m2), is less than 90, and the kidney continues to function normally, but the first indications of kidney disease begin to appear (Lamprea et al.,2021). In stage 2, the GFR ranges between 60 and 89, indicating that the kidneys are only minimally damaged. In stages 3A and 3B, the GFR ranges between 45 and 59 and 30 and 44, correspondingly, and kidney function has been considerably impaired. In stage 4, the GFR ranges between 15 and 29 mL/min, indicating severely impaired kidney function. In the final step, stage 5, the GFR becomes less than 15, but at this stage, a patient is diagnosed with end-stage renal disease.
Some of the contributing factors for ESRD include familial history, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, diabetes, Alport syndrome, pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis, and certain autoimmune illnesses, such as lupus, among others.
Health Promotion and Prevention for ESRD
Mr. C. has a number of ESRD risk factors, including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). So, in order to slow the advancement of ESRD and address the diabetes problem, he must balance his blood glucose levels and manage healthy blood pressure by eating a limited fat and salt diet, workout frequently, maintaining a healthy body weight, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption. Patient education is an important part of health promotion for those with end-stage renal disease (Pal et al.,2020). In order To improve his health, the patient should indeed be instructed on how to accomplish the legitimate goal. A healthy diet that is low in carbs, salt, and fat should be explained to him in detail. To guarantee that he is fit and healthy, the patient should also have a training schedule that is practical and doable. Because obesity is the most significant predisposing factor in his situation, the education program must be tailored to precisely target the obesity problem in order to furtherly prevent his deteriorating health status.
Resources for ESRD Patients for Nonacute Care and Multidisciplinary Approach
The Mayo Clinic – Chronic Kidney Failure; and Polycystic Kidney Disease, patients with end-stage renal impairment could find information on the condition at the National Kidney Foundation. Rehabilitation treatments, for example, assist in enhancing their social functional capacity and overall quality of life. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is required, with clinicians, nephrologists, patient, and their family members all working together to solve the problem (Bian et al., 2022). Social workers are also helpful in assisting patients with ESRD to handle and cope with their illness. Some products, such as moveable hemodialysis devices, adaptive ultrafiltration devices, and artificial kidneys, may be beneficial to individuals with end-stage renal disease. Patients with ESRD should also be provided with transportation services so that they can access medical appointments without being restricted by budgetary limitations. Employment leaves for working patients, as well as social security benefits, are available as additional resources. Dependent on the type of their career, ESRD patients may be able to return to work if they receive sufficient support from all parties involved.
References
Bian, Z., Zhang, Q., Shen, L., & Chen, S. (2022). The influence of multidisciplinary team clinics on the prognosis of patients with chronic kidney disease. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 15353702221077937. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/15353702221077937
Lamprea-Montealegre, J. A., Shlipak, M. G., & Estrella, M. M. (2021). Chronic kidney disease detection, staging, and treatment in cardiovascular disease prevention. Heart, 107(16), 1282-1288.
https://heart.bmj.com/content/107/16/1282.abstract
Pal, R., Rathore, V., Galhotra, A., & Mamidi, V. (2020). Chronic kidney diseases: A realm for preventive nephrology. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(8), 3810.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7586563/
Sarwer, D. B., & Heinberg, L. J. (2020). A review of the psychosocial aspects of clinically severe obesity and bariatric surgery. American Psychologist, 75(2), 252.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-09435-010
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