Cardiovascular diseases and health conditions reflect high hospital readmissions after intensive and holistic healthcare service provisions. An intervention and specific advancements in treatments of cardiovascular diseases have resulted in better patient outcomes and healthcare efficiencies worldwide. According to Drew et al. (2020), the main challenge facing the management of cardiovascular diseases despite professional advancement in medical fields is inadequate clinical management for cardiovascular diseases. Inamdar and Inamdar (2016) assert that the number of patients who lose their lives to cardiovascular diseases has increased in the last three decades. Researchers have found that it is tough for healthcare providers to adequately and appropriately manage cardiovascular diseases when the pathophysiologic processes resulting in different symptoms of the diseases are not well understood (Drew et al., 2020). Therefore, to better understand cardiovascular diseases, it is essential to study the pathophysiologic process of the related issues with the same or similar symptoms and to give patients a more fulfilling and satisfactory diagnosis and treatment plan.
Cardiopulmonary and Cardiovascular Pathophysiologic processes
The patient reported symptoms of cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular pathophysiologic processes in the case study presented. Giacinto et al. (2019) state that most geriatric patients have dementia, chronic pulmonary diseases, and depression and anxiety disorders. However, although the patient in the case study has the possibility of suffering such conditions, the symptoms that he reported were similar to those of cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases. According to Drew et al. (2020), palpitations, pleuritic chest pains, and shortness of breath are distinctive symptoms of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Patients presenting the symptoms recorded in the case study require immediate suggestions for cardiopulmonary pathophysiological processes for the patients in question (Dron & Hegele, 2019). With EKG resulting in T wave inversions in suitable pericardial leads (V1-4) ± inferior leads (2, 3 aVf) present in the pulmonary embolism was an indication of venous thromboembolism which mainly occurs in postoperative patients (Drew et al., 2020).
In the case study, shortness of breath was possibly caused by interactions between oxygen carriers, the respiratory system, neural responses, and the cardiovascular systems. The condition usually occurs when the patient’s breath does not match the respiratory system ventilation, especially pulmonary ventilation (Giacinto et al., 2019). The shortness of breath is triggered by imbalances between the chest wall structures, receptors, lungs, and central respiratory motor activities (Dron & Hegele, 2019). The patient possibly experienced pleural pains in the chest region due to inflammation. Drew et al. (2020) argue that there are no clinical reasons for any symptoms of palpitations. Nonetheless, palpitations occur whenever there are abnormal heart movements in the chest.
Racial variables impacting physiological functioning
Several genetic variables have impacts on the pathophysiological functioning of the human body. For example, Giacinto et al. (2019) ascertain that genetic variables such as peroxisome proliferator activated-receptors Y (PPAR-Y) impact patients’ pathophysiological functioning (Mukamal et al., 2019). Activated peroxisome proliferator activated-receptors work with thiazolidinediones in causing blockage to the channel activities, thus causing lower blood pressures, promoting vasodilator secretion, and preventing the secretion of endothelin peptides (Inamdar & Inamdar, 2016). The PPAR-Y variables are more activated in European ethnic groups than in African ethnic groups.
How the processes interact to affect the patient
Cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary processes in African ethnic groups cause congestive heart failure, inflammations, and shortness of breath (McCance & Huether, 2019). The process might take a long before it deactivates since the process take quite a long time before blood pressure is stabilized (Giacinto et al., 2019). In essence, cardiovascular pathophysiological processes lower blood pressure and promote the secretion of vasodilators which affect the functionality of the cardiovascular organs (Giacinto et al., 2019). Additionally, the interaction between the genes and pleural membranes may trigger pleuritic tissues, thus leading to chest pains.
Conclusion
To conclude, the case study reported symptoms of cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary physiological processes. Even though the patient was aged and could be suffering from geriatric disorders, the patient reported exceptional features of conditions resulting from cardiovascular pathophysiological processes. There is adequate literature indicating that cardiovascular diseases have more excellent effects and cause significant loss of life. However, medical interventions and professional advancements have not yet given a permanent solution plan for managing cardiovascular pathophysiological processes. Additionally, there are genetic and racial variables that impact on pathophysiological functioning of the body.
References
Drew, R. C., Charkoudian, N., & Park, J. (2020). Neural control of cardiovascular function in black adults: implications for racial differences in autonomic regulation. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 318(2), R234–R244. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00091.2019
Dron, J. S., & Hegele, R. A. (2019). The evolution of genetic-based risk scores for lipids and cardiovascular disease. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 30(2), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000576
Giacinto, O., Satriano, U., Nenna, A., Spadaccio, C., Lusini, M., Mastroianni, C., Nappi, F., & Chello, M. (2019). Inflammatory Response and Endothelial Dysfunction Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Targets. Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery, 13(2), 158–173. https://doi.org/10.2174/1872213×13666190724112644
Inamdar, A., & Inamdar, A. (2016). Heart Failure: Diagnosis, Management, and Utilization. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5(7), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm5070062
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
Mukamal, K. J., Stampfer, M. J., & Rimm, E. B. (2019). Genetic instrumental variable analysis: time to call mendelian randomization what it is. The example of alcohol and cardiovascular disease. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(2), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-019-00578-3
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