Policymakers and practitioners increasingly acknowledge the intersection between the juvenile justice systems and child welfare, as is demonstrated by the occurrence of maltreated children who end up as juvenile delinquents, families with an intergenerational involvement in both systems, and delinquent children that have a history of maltreatment. Additionally, agencies frequently encounter challenges such as redundant services, unaddressed service needs, competition for limited program funds, and insufficient prevention efforts to decrease the number of kids entering these two systems. The federal government has recognized the existence of this overlap by funding incentives and incorporating requirements into the laws governing juvenile systems and child protection, urging various states to develop programs, practices, and policies that address the link between the two systems. Although it has been widely acknowledged that the juvenile justice and child welfare systems intersect, these institutions constantly battle to achieve their core goals. Whereas the juvenile justice system seeks to hold children and adolescents accountable for their deviant behavior, provide counseling to correct their conduct, and increase public safety, the child welfare system ensures that children are secure and find permanent homes.
Addressing the overlap could serve significantly by helping prevent young individuals from being involved in the justice system and can also help reduce the recidivism rate among those involved. While specialized services exist that help address the existing overlap, their effectiveness varies with the context of the situation. For instance, while there exist programs to help cater to individuals engaged in both systems, there still exists a need for improvement in quality and availability. The best way to approach the overlap would be to ensure that there are preventive measures or intervention measures that help reduce the involvement of the youth in either of the two systems.
Barth, R. P., Jonson-Reid, M., Greeson, J. K. P., Drake, B., Berrick, J. D., Garcia, A. R., Shaw, T. V., & Gyourko, J. R. (2020). Outcomes following child welfare services: What are they, and do they differ for black children? Journal of Public Child Welfare, 14(5), 477–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2020.1814541
The article reviews quantitative research on the acceptability of child welfare services (CWS), with a significant focus on the outcomes for African American children. The authors clarify that the recommendations to abolish and fundamentally alter CWS, which have long aroused a discussion on acceptability and effectiveness, mainly for African American children, are included in the current efforts to eradicate systemic racism in the United States. The authors make it apparent that the present calls to eliminate systemic racial discrimination across the country also include suggestions to abolish and drastically alter CWS, which have long aroused a discussion on the acceptability and efficacy. The authors also provide an essential synthesis of the current knowledge on the particular topic. The text does not discuss the relationship between CWS and JJS. Nonetheless, it does address the outcomes of child welfare initiatives, which include young people who might also go through the juvenile justice system.
Baidawi, S., & Piquero, A. R. (2020). Neurodisability among children at the nexus of the Child Welfare and Youth Justice System. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(4), 803–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01234-w
In the article, childhood diversity and neuro disabilities are analyzed concerning children who’ve already experienced child welfare and gone through the children’s justice system. This study discovered that roughly half of the crossover children had a neuro disability, and this category had higher adversity. Although the survey discovered significant differences between different neurodevelopmental disorders, crossover children with any neurodevelopmental disorder appeared significantly more likely to be charged with a crime. Baidawi and Piquero analyzed a large dataset of children, allowing for a complete examination of the implications and prevalence of neuro disability in this population. The article relates to the study area by examining the overlap between the juvenile justice systems in the context of neuro-disability among children with dual systems involvement. This would help prevent such children from being involved in either scenario.
Bunting, L. I., Montgomery, L., & Mooney, S. (2019). Trauma-informed child welfare systems—a rapid evidence review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132365
The article assesses the research on trauma-informed care (TIC) in child welfare systems. The goal of the TIC process of organizational transformation is to integrate theoretically sound paradigms of action into various contexts and roles. It aims to create dependable, collaborative partnerships with kids and the essential individuals in their lives while acknowledging childhood adversity’s influence on child and adult outcomes. Bunting and Montgomery deeply understand trauma-informed care’s practical applications and theoretical paradigms. Their review is based on a comprehensive analysis of the existing research in this area. Although the intersection between the juvenile justice and child welfare systems is not explicitly addressed in the article, it does provide essential information on how trauma-informed treatment might be incorporated into the child welfare system to enhance the lives of kids and their families.
Saxena, D., Badillo-Urquiola, K., Wisniewski, P. J., & Guha, S. (2020). A human-centered review of algorithms used within the U.S. Child Welfare System. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376229
The article explores how algorithmic decision-making systems are used in the U.S. Child Welfare System (CWS) to enhance and foster growth outcomes. To evaluate the common traits of the predictors employed, assess how they were generated, and evaluate the intended results, the author combined data from 50 peer-reviewed sources on computer systems used in CWS. Most of the publications they found from their investigation concentrated on risk assessment frameworks but did not consider theoretical frameworks. They suggest incorporating salient elements in previous research to make future algorithms theoretically sound and context-aware. The author’s research contributes to child welfare systems and algorithmic decision-making. Although the article isn’t specifically about the overlap between the two systems, algorithmic decision-making systems in the JJS and CWS may have things in common, like the potential to enhance the results and decision-making for communities of vulnerable adolescents.
Keddell, E., & Hyslop, I. (2019). Ethnic inequalities in child welfare: The role of practitioner risk perceptions. Child & Family Social Work, 24(4), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12620.
The article investigates how practitioners’ perceptions of risk affect racial inequality in child welfare. According to the findings, family ethnicity moderately affected how individuals viewed risk, safety, and decisions, with Native American families being seen as having higher chances than White families. Without respect to ethnicity, the qualitative responses revealed identical constructs of risk, safety, difficulties, and plan objectives, indicating that structural elements related to race were not thought to be a part of the family’s societal issues. The study concludes that racial disparities in child welfare may be caused by unconscious bias combined with a “color-blind” method of operation. The authors of the articles are renowned researchers with vast knowledge in the field of social work and child welfare, which is demonstrated in the approach to the research. In relation to the research topics, the article clarifies that indigenous children are overrepresented in the juvenile justice and child welfare systems, and tackling the fundamental prejudices and stereotypes that fuel racial imbalances in child welfare may also help resolve problems in the juvenile justice system.
Davidson, R. D., Tomlinson, C. S., Beck, C. J., & Bowen, A. M. (2019). The revolving door of families in the child welfare system: Risk and protective factors associated with families returning. Children and Youth Services Review, 100, 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.03.012
The article investigates the causes of families reentering the child welfare system after a case is initially closed. Using a social-ecological perspective, the authors undertake a literature review and uncover numerous risk and protective factors. They conclude that there are still a lot of questions about why families end up in child welfare and identify topics for further study. According to the paper, it’s crucial to comprehend the causes of households reentering the child welfare system to create interventions and policies that will effectively stop this from happening. The authors’ research is distinguished by a solid analysis and literature assessment of the many complicated issues surrounding the hazards and preventive variables related to households, which deepens the topic. Examining how the juvenile justice and child welfare systems interact and the factors that cause families to reenter the child welfare system are crucial steps in determining how the two systems intersect.
Jankowski, M., Schifferdecker, K., & Butcher, R. (2019). Effectiveness of a Trauma-Informed Care Initiative in a State Child Welfare System: A Randomized Study. Child Management, 24(1), 86–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559518796336
This article uses a randomized trial methodology to examine the effectiveness of a trauma-informed care (TIC) program in state child welfare organizations. According to the study, the intervention to advance trauma-informed beliefs and system performance yielded conflicting results. Although TIC activities are deemed necessary and make intuitive sense, there need to be more needs to be more proof that they have improved systemic or child outcomes. Nonetheless, the first steps are being taken to define and examine TIC properly, and additional research is required to evaluate the success of TIC projects. The article is a credible source since it cites multiple papers and sources, showing that the authors thoroughly studied the literature. The paper emphasizes the need for more research on the effectiveness of TIC programs, despite certain studies showing increased system preparedness and ability to be more trauma-informed. This relates to the fact that the juvenile justice and child welfare systems work with young people who have suffered trauma and might benefit from care motivated by those experiences.
Herrenkohl, T. I. (2019). Cross-system collaboration and engagement of the Public Health Model to promote the well-being of children and families. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 10(3), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1086/704958
The article explores the application of a public health paradigm to increase the well-being of children and families. The concept aims to improve personal, family, and community protection while lowering environmental threats. Nevertheless, child welfare, juvenile justice, mental health, behavioral health, and educational institutions are frequently ill-prepared to promote a public health framework centered on preventative policies and measures. The article emphasizes the necessity of swapping reactive, deficit-oriented techniques with active, motivating, and strengths-based methods to progress preventive goals. It also asks for cooperation. The topic of children involved in both systems provides the foundation for the article’s discussion of the connection between the juvenile justice system and the child welfare system.
Middleton, J. S., Bloom, S. L., Strolin-Goltzman, J., & Caringi, J. (2019). Trauma-informed care and the public child welfare system: The challenges of shifting paradigms: Introduction to the special issue on trauma-informed care. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 13(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2019.1603602
The article describes the frequency of trauma and traumatic stress responses amongst kids and their households engaged in the child welfare system and the necessity of a radical transformation toward trauma-informed public child welfare. The author discussed the difficulties of changing ideologies favoring trauma-responsive organizational behavior to build and maintain trauma-resilient societies and organizations. The article emphasizes how crucial it is for child welfare experts to include a knowledge of trauma in their work and connect families to trauma-informed programs and therapy, both of which are vital components of a trauma-informed child welfare system. Credibility-wise, the authors have years of expertise in child welfare and trauma-informed treatment. The article connects to the important topic by emphasizing the value of trauma-informed care for children and households working with the child welfare system. Managing trauma can help avoid further engagement in the judicial system because trauma and traumatic stress responses are frequently associated with deviant acts and participation in the juvenile justice system.
Testa, M. F., & Kelly, D. (2020). The evolution of Federal Child Welfare Policy through the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018: Opportunities, barriers, and unintended consequences. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 692(1), 68–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716220976528
The article investigates the advantages and disadvantages of the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018. The act offers financing to child welfare organizations to promote evidence-based initiatives and is targeted at reducing the placement of kids with foster parents and guaranteeing those children who are already in care get adequate care. Whereas the act has generally been commended as a substantial improvement over previous financing restrictions, a few child welfare representatives, advocacy organizations, and scientists are concerned that its emphasis on kids who are in danger of being removed from their homes because of abuse is too restrictive as well as that its dependence on stringent evidence norms may worsen racial disparities. The paper examines how child welfare organizations might use Family First’s opportunities while managing obstacles and averting unexpected consequences. The article pertains to the study’s topic since it discusses how child welfare organizations may employ the Family First Prevention Services Act to keep kids out of foster homes and away from the juvenile court system.
Duong, M. T., Bruns, E. J., Lee, K., Cox, S., Coifman, J., Mayworm, A., & Lyon, A. R. (2020). Rates of mental health service utilization by children and adolescents in schools and other common service settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 48(3), 420–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-020-01080-9
The article provides a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of studies on young people’s use of mental health services in various contexts. According to the research, the wider populace and groups of young people with severe signs or medical diagnoses most frequently receive mental health care in institutions and outpatient settings. The research contrasted the prevalence of mental health issues in schools with child welfare, primary care, outpatient, juvenile justice, and inpatient treatment. The findings may guide research, legislation, policymaking, the allocation of resources, and the creation of interventions. Since the article was released, it has received 92 citations, making it a reliable source of information and data about overlapping the two systems. The article emphasizes the importance of collaboration among child-serving sectors, especially institutions, and outpatient centers, to deliver mental health treatments to vulnerable adolescents in these systems. The article underlines how crucial it is to recognize and address children’s and teenagers’ mental health issues because prompt intervention and care can have lasting advantages.
Miller, J. (2022, August 6). Conceptualizing Attorney Motivation: A Study of the Representatives for Parents and Children in the Child Welfare System. ORCID. Retrieved March 20, 2023, from https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-376
The article explores the various factors that motivate the attorneys representing the children and parents in neglect, dependency, and abuse (DNA) proceedings since they significantly influence the outcomes of multiple cases. The paper’s authors utilized Group Concept Mapping to comprehend the various motivating factors employed in this field. The results indicated that they conceptualize motivation based on the eight distinct clusters. The findings from the study provide insight into the potential retention and recruitment strategies for the attorneys who serve children and parents in the child welfare system. The article is relevant to the juvenile justice and child welfare systems because it explores the driving forces behind DNA hearings, which are essential for assessing the results of these cases.
Irvine-Baker, A., Jones, N., & Canfield, A. (2019). Taking the “girl” out of gender-responsive programming in the Juvenile Justice System. Annual Review of Criminology, 2(1), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-091922
The article explores the disparities whereby African American youth and LGBTQ youth are widely overrepresented in most of the juvenile systems in the country. The paper aims to create an awareness of the various difficulties the LGBTQ community has to go through, primarily made up of people of color. The article promotes a broader understanding of different sexual orientations, gender identities, and gender expression, in addition to how these factors interact with other ethnicities when delivering justice to young people through the judicial process. The article is credible since it was published in the “Annual Review of Criminology,” a journal that widely explores criminology studies. The article relates to the main topic by exploring the challenges faced by the youth of color through the justice system.
Fish, J. N., Baams, L., Wojciak, A. S., & Russell, S. T. (2019). Are sexual minority youth overrepresented in foster care, child welfare, and out-of-home placement? Findings from Nationally Representative Data. Child Abuse & Neglect, 89, 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.005
The article uses nationally comparable information from the U.S. to investigate if minority adolescents are overrepresented in child protection, out-of-home care, and foster home placements. The authors’ research analysis concludes that minority adolescents are overrepresented in foster care and child welfare settings. Intriguingly, post hoc research demonstrated that the impact was most amongst youngsters who were solely attracted to others of the same sex. The paper emphasizes the importance of conducting in-depth research on young people from sexual minorities active in child welfare. The article focuses on two studies representative of the general population and is published in a renowned publication. The essay addresses the overrepresentation of kids who identify as sexual minorities in such systems and their particular needs, which are relevant to the juvenile justice and child welfare systems.
Fagan, A. A., Bumbarger, B. K., Barth, R. P., Bradshaw, C. P., Cooper, B. R., Supplee, L. H., & Walker, D. K. (2019). Applying evidence-based interventions in U.S. public systems to prevent behavioral health problems: Challenges and opportunities. Prevention Science, 20(8), 1147–1168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-019-01048-8
The article discusses the possibilities and difficulties of expanding evidence-based treatments (EBIs) in U.S. governmental systems to avoid behavioral health issues. The authors claim that although numerous EBIs have undergone scientific testing and be efficient, they are only sometimes implemented in public systems. The elements that influence the magnitude of EBIs in 5 general processes health, child protection, schooling, youth justice, and public health—are identified in the article. According to the article, increasing EBI scale-up requires additional government policies, financing, policies addressing hurdles to EBI scale-up, and community capacity building. The authors are subject-matter authorities, and the article was published in a publication that underwent peer review. The article relates to the child welfare system and the juvenile justice system as they are two of the five public methods discussed in the article.
Cho, M., Haight, W., Choi, W. S., Hong, S., & Piescher, K. (2019). A prospective, Longitudinal Study of risk factors for early onset of delinquency among maltreated youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 102, 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.023
The article discusses a research investigation examining the risk variables for first-time criminality among abused children between 9 and 14. The study used official statistics from Minnesota to examine 5002 kids with experiences of mistreatment from the third grade through the time they received their initial juvenile judgment over six years. According to the study, children who have experienced abuse are more likely than their peers who have not become involved in the juvenile court system until they are younger. The research identifies several important risk variables for early symptoms of delinquent behavior, including being male, being just a member of a specific racial minority group (particularly Black, Native American, and Hispanic), having mental or behavioral disorders, being suspended from school, and having more than three prior incidents of abuse. The article underlines the need for age-appropriate measures to tackle risk factors at several environmental levels for abused children entering the juvenile justice system. The article pertains to the primary subject since it emphasizes the risk factors that lead to the involvement of abused children in the juvenile justice system and the requirement for developmentally appropriate measures to tackle risk factors at various ecological scales.
Forslund, T., Granqvist, P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Glaser, D., Steele, M., Hammarlund, M., Schuengel, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Steele, H., Shaver, P. R., Lux, U., Simmonds, J., Jacobvitz, D., Groh, A. M., Bernard, K., Cyr, C., Hazen, N. L., Foster, S., … Duschinsky, R. (2021). Attachment goes to court: Child Protection and Custody Issues. Attachment & Human Development, 24(1), 1–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2020.1840762
The article is a consensual statement that intends to dispel myths and guide family courts’ use of attachment theory in cases involving child protective services and custodial judgments in a research-based approach. The article is divided into two sections: the first deals with issues linked to applying attachment concepts and studies in family courts, and the second offers suggestions. The desire for decision-making to look evidence-based and the widespread dissemination of erroneous descriptions of attachment theory constitute some of the problems the authors highlight as impeding proper receipt and implementation of attachment theory amongst family court professionals. The paper’s authors are professionals with extensive experience studying and using attachment theory. The article offers advice for court practice based on attachment theory and research to counteract rumors and steer family court implementations of attachment theory in a fact-based path in matters relating to child protection and custody decisions, making it pertinent to the child welfare system and the juvenile justice system.
Curry, A. (2019). “if you can’t be with this client for some years, don’t do it”: Exploring the emotional and relational effects of turnover on youth in the Child Welfare System. Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 374–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.01.026
The article discusses how turnover affects youth inside the foster care system emotionally and relationally. It states that turnover is perceived by young people receiving care as a loss of relationships, significantly impacting their psychological and mental well-being. Youth value and respect partnerships that last a long time because it increases their feeling of safety and stability. The paper emphasizes the value of a child-centered and relationship-based strategy for changeover and contends that thoughtfully planned and handled ends can be beneficial when turnover is unavoidable. The study contributes a significant and underrepresented perspective to the research on this topic, with its findings founded on a two-year, multi-method qualitative investigation. The article’s methodology involved a two-year, multi-method qualitative analysis. Because it emphasizes the effects of turnover on kids in care and offers suggestions for enhancing their emotional and relational well-being, the article is relevant to the main theme. This paper’s findings may apply to the juvenile justice and child welfare systems as both deal with vulnerable youth who have suffered trauma and relationship loss.
Slayter, E. M., & Jensen, J. (2019). Parents with intellectual disabilities in the Child Protection System. Children and Youth Services Review, 98, 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.01.013
The paper explores how parents with intellectual disabilities are disproportionately represented in the American child protection system. The study examines data at the national level to ascertain the frequency of factual child protection cases encompassing a caregiver who has an intellectual disability, as well as the demographics, risks, different kinds of child maltreatment, as well as services provided at the outset of a child welfare case. The study reveals that in contrast to other forms of abuse or neglect, emotional or psychological abuse was more likely to include parents with intellectual limitations. The report emphasizes the troubling disparities in service kinds that are provided concerning established risk factors. The article highlights the difficulties encountered by parents with cognitive disabilities in traversing these institutions, as well as the requirement for additional specialized support and services.
Fong, K. (2020). Getting eyes in the home: Child protective services investigations and state surveillance of Family Life. American Sociological Review, 85(4), 610–638. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420938460
The paper examines how U.S. child protection agencies investigate millions of families annually, disproportionately affecting low-income and minority households. The investigative process entails multiple home visits to collect data across various domains. The paper makes the case that when help and coercive authority are combined. It leads to wide-ranging monitoring of American families by drawing referrals from related systems. The results imply that this structure encourages family anxiety and prevents organizational participation. By emphasizing how the state acquires extensive access to the private, domestic lives of underprivileged families, the piece pertains to both the juvenile justice system and the child welfare system, furthering inequalities and marginalization. To further reinforce its legitimacy, the research approach includes inspections of child maltreatment examinations in Connecticut and conversations with several experts engaged in identifying maltreatment, state investigators, and questioned moms. The paper emphasizes how state surveillance of underprivileged families fosters inequity and marginalization, making it extremely important to the main topic of study.
References
Baidawi, S., & Piquero, A. R. (2020). Neurodisability among children at the nexus of the Child Welfare and Youth Justice System. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(4), 803–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01234-w
Barth, R. P., Jonson-Reid, M., Greeson, J. K. P., Drake, B., Berrick, J. D., Garcia, A. R., Shaw, T. V., & Gyourko, J. R. (2020). Outcomes following child welfare services: What are they, and do they differ for black children? Journal of Public Child Welfare, 14(5), 477–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2020.1814541
Bunting, L. I., Montgomery, L., & Mooney, S. (2019). Trauma-informed child welfare systems—a rapid evidence review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132365
Cho, M., Haight, W., Choi, W. S., Hong, S., & Piescher, K. (2019). A prospective, Longitudinal Study of risk factors for early onset of delinquency among maltreated youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 102, 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.023
Curry, A. (2019). “if you can’t be with this client for some years, don’t do it”: Exploring the emotional and relational effects of turnover on youth in the Child Welfare System. Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 374–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.01.026
Davidson, R. D., Tomlinson, C. S., Beck, C. J., & Bowen, A. M. (2019). The revolving door of families in the child welfare system: Risk and protective factors associated with families returning. Children and Youth Services Review, 100, 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.03.012
Duong, M. T., Bruns, E. J., Lee, K., Cox, S., Coifman, J., Mayworm, A., & Lyon, A. R. (2020). Rates of mental health service utilization by children and adolescents in schools and other common service settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 48(3), 420–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-020-01080-9
Fagan, A. A., Bumbarger, B. K., Barth, R. P., Bradshaw, C. P., Cooper, B. R., Supplee, L. H., & Walker, D. K. (2019). Scaling up evidence-based interventions in U.S. public systems to prevent behavioral health problems: Challenges and opportunities. Prevention Science, 20(8), 1147–1168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-019-01048-8
Fish, J. N., Baams, L., Wojciak, A. S., & Russell, S. T. (2019). Are sexual minority youth overrepresented in foster care, child welfare, and out-of-home placement? Findings from Nationally Representative Data. Child Abuse & Neglect, 89, 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.005
Fong, K. (2020). Getting eyes in the home: Child protective services investigations and state surveillance of Family Life. American Sociological Review, 85(4), 610–638. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420938460
Forslund, T., Granqvist, P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Glaser, D., Steele, M., Hammarlund, M., Schuengel, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Steele, H., Shaver, P. R., Lux, U., Simmonds, J., Jacobvitz, D., Groh, A. M., Bernard, K., Cyr, C., Hazen, N. L., Foster, S., … Duschinsky, R. (2021). Attachment goes to court: Child Protection and Custody Issues. Attachment & Human Development, 24(1), 1–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2020.1840762
Herrenkohl, T. I. (2019). Cross-system collaboration and engagement of the Public Health Model to promote the well-being of children and families. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 10(3), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1086/704958
Irvine-Baker, A., Jones, N., & Canfield, A. (2019). Taking the “girl” out of gender-responsive programming in the Juvenile Justice System. Annual Review of Criminology, 2(1), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-091922
Jankowski, M., Schifferdecker, K., & Butcher, R. (2019). Effectiveness of a Trauma-Informed Care Initiative in a State Child Welfare System: A Randomized Study. Child Management, 24(1), 86–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559518796336
Keddell, E., & Hyslop, I. (2019). Ethnic inequalities in child welfare: The role of practitioner risk perceptions. Child & Family Social Work, 24(4), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12620
Middleton, J. S., Bloom, S. L., Strolin-Goltzman, J., & Caringi, J. (2019). Trauma-informed care and the public child welfare system: The challenges of shifting paradigms: Introduction to the special issue on trauma-informed care. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 13(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2019.1603602
Miller, J. (2022, August 6). Conceptualizing Attorney Motivation: A Study of the Representatives for Parents and Children in the Child Welfare System. ORCID. Retrieved March 20, 2023, from https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-376
Saxena, D., Badillo-Urquiola, K., Wisniewski, P. J., & Guha, S. (2020). A human-centered review of algorithms used within the U.S. Child Welfare System. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376229
Slayter, E. M., & Jensen, J. (2019). Parents with intellectual disabilities in the Child Protection System. Children and Youth Services Review, 98, 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.01.013
Testa, M. F., & Kelly, D. (2020). The evolution of Federal Child Welfare Policy through the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018: Opportunities, barriers, and unintended consequences. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 692(1), 68–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716220976528
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