Abstract
The management of the solid waste in GCC countries was explored in this thesis. An analysis and comparison of the GCC municipal solid waste legislation were carried out, with some comments and modifications. The lack of regional coordination on a government level is the fundamental issue with the solid waste management in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Therefore, recycling and composting, which might play a significant role in improving the environment in GCC states, were investigated. Numerous initiatives that the GCC government could take were proposed. The role of the government in encouraging public engagement in management of the solid waste was discussed. The GCC countries recycling program was researched and anticipated, which included, the financial considerations. Composted amenities in GCC nations, mainly composting as an alternative in the GCC, were explored. There were some composting suggestions made. The possibility of recycling building and demolition trash in GCC was investigated.
1 Introduction
The municipal solid waste management can be demarcated as the subject that deals with the collection, transportation, processing, and disposal of waste in conformity by considering the best principles of public health, economics, aesthetics, and other environmental concerns. MSW should be appropriately disposed of to protect environmental quality, human health, and natural resources. Solid wastes affect the environment and human welfare directly and indirectly. Direct impacts range from material degradation and aesthetic loss to human health impairment and significant socioeconomic implications. Indirect effects are generally long-term effects that range from changes in ecosystem structure and behavior to climate change, all of which impact the socioeconomic and sustainability of the region. Aside from a technological challenge, political, legal, social, cultural, environmental, economic, and other issues and available resources have a significant impact on SWM. All of these concerns must be addressed in order to achieve a long-term SWM solution. It is important to emphasize that the lack of environmental regulation is not the root of the problem. It’s not so much a lack of enforcement as it lacks effective options. Arab Gulf States, for example, have recently taken positive steps to address the issue by implementing a regionally standard system and a streamlined waste management strategy (Salameh and Nizami, 2019. p.35615). The difficulty, however, is inputting the plan into action. Due to rapid socioeconomic growth, the tension between increasing waste-generation rates and declining waste-disposal capacities has become increasingly important. As a result of this issue, effective MSW management systems with sound economic and environmental efficiencies are desperately needed.
Governments and commercial businesses worldwide are devising new ways to transition to circular economy models to achieve long-term growth. By enhancing the design of materials, products, systems, and enterprises, circular economy models attempt to maximize resource value and decrease waste. Large companies rethinking their business strategy to become more circular should expect their supply networks to be more stable and efficient. This will be beneficial to both the economy and the environment. The GCC has a lot of opportunities for circular economy models because it is suffering from the consequences of its existing waste management techniques, which are primarily linear. GCC countries may achieve sustainable growth by adopting circular economy models, which is the goal of their federal government. According to the analyst, the GCC would make a big push toward integrated waste management, focusing on waste-to-value technologies like recycling. Recent waste management tenders in the Gulf Cooperation Council (and the broader Middle East and North Africa region demonstrate this. This will also significantly impact the existing waste management business, which has previously focused exclusively on collection and transportation.
Additionally, a greater emphasis on optimizing the segregation process, both at the source and material recovery plants, is required. As a result of these disruptions, companies that can provide segregation, recycling, treatment, and waste-to-energy solutions across services, technology, and equipment will find possibilities in the industry. With the expected growth in demand for boilers, incinerators, and flue-gas treatment systems, the potential is not restricted to waste-related equipment; energy and pollution-control equipment producers also benefit.
1.1 Problem statement
Solid waste, particularly plastic garbage, is becoming a more challenging issue for the GCC. The factors causing this increase cannot be reduced in the short to medium term, suggesting that the amount of garbage produced will only continue to rise from here. On the other hand, this problem may create a tremendous opportunity for recycling in the region, particularly plastics. Only a disciplined approach will allow you to turn this difficulty into an opportunity. This necessitates collaboration among all stakeholders to create a recycling-friendly environment that fills in the gaps that currently exist in the value chain. According to a Frost & Sullivan analysis from 2017, the total solid waste created annually in the GCC is between 95 and 100 million metric tonnes. These countries are also among the top ten garbage generators per capita globally. Population expansion, urbanization, and economic growth are all contributing causes to this problem. This highlights the issue’s complexity, as none of these can be solved in the short term (Blencowe and Olubambi, 2020.p.26). We see ample opportunity for waste management initiatives in the GCC, notably for recycling solutions, when considering feasibility and timeliness of impact and external imperatives. Waste and how to dispose of it to benefit both the economy and the environment is a topic that has recently received a lot of attention and investment across the GCC. Waste volumes are increasing as a result of increased urbanization and some long-standing societal challenges related to wastefulness, making this a severe and ongoing issue. Several Gulf countries are pushing for more waste management in the private and governmental sectors, backed by ambitious but feasible overall targets for diverting garbage away from landfill sites. The government’s efforts to combat waste have resulted in a flurry of recent announcements about new legislation and programs to address the problem through various inventive approaches. While some of these initiatives entail more home recycling education and help, the majority of them directly support cleantech investments and the development of innovative new green waste management systems. As a result, the GCC’s municipalities should play a vital role in speeding optimization by benchmarking, evaluating successful models in other regions, and applying what they’ve learned in the regional context. This is intended to encourage waste management companies to utilize technology and the internet of things.
1.2 Aims and objectives
The overall goal of this research is to produce a report that examines the current situation of GCC solid waste management. In this vital part of the world, there is a scarcity of information about solid waste management. This study will describe the available technique and some ideas for system upgrades. The life cycle assessment method will be used to investigate several end-of-life scenarios for recycled polymers. Due to the fact that the existing flaws in the waste management system in all GCC member nations, he understood that a thorough analysis of MSW was required. During his time with the GCC Municipality. The ideas included several different options for handling and treating MSW. The structuring and devastation excess or waste utilization, state recycling programs, oil waste utilization, and city cleansing cost minimization were among the waste management suggestions offered to GCC States Municipality. City cleansing is characterized in this world as street cleaning and MSW collection. The Municipality of GCC was also given studies asking for regional cooperation in creating recycling systems for biodegradable MSW items for example glass, paper and metal. The author suggested that a joint venture be formed amongst several GCC governments to establish a concrete and steel recycling enterprise.
2 Theory and Literature review
2.1 GCC states use a systemic approach to solid waste management
The waste management is now carried out in each GCC state autonomously, with a general lack of cooperation. Furthermore, the various municipalities’ diverse waste management strategies in the GCC countries are highly interdependent. There is no strategy prohibiting the export of paper and carton waste from Kuwait, as an example (Al-kuwari, 2019.p2924). The UAE has developed a sizable market for recycling and exporting paper and carton trash in just a few years. These sectors would expand and strengthen collaboration and coordination amid the GCC governments in numerous fields for their people’s advantage, expansion, and permanency by accepting new integrated solid waste management policies. It is critical to find, assess, choose, and implement the most excellent or feasible policies. Legal, socioeconomic, environmental, and technical concerns will all play a role in these strategies. Trends will influence the conceptual framework for solid waste management and the impacts of specified policies.
2.1.1 Fig 1.1 System approach of SWM
2.2 State-of-the-art technologies in waste management
Considering the state-of-the-art technologies as far as waste management is concerned, the use and application of the spatial technologies in modeling in various environs is considered one of the most valued and substantial technologies recently because spatial analysis consideration is critical in the engineering projects and environmental research (Bhatt and Pradhan, 2022.p.150). The significance of these technologies is to deal with complications in the spatial data, hence providing a platform for the diverse model integration, interfaces, and sub-systems. In the combination of the geographical positioning system, the novel dynamic scheduling and routing architecture is set to reduce the transportation and operating expenses, including fuel, labor, and maintenance in garbage collection, especially in the GCC states, particularly glass waste collection, across the GCC states. They also conducted a sensitivity analysis of the vehicle loading procedure to determine the impact of dynamic load on fuel consumption and pollutant emissions in the cullet collection process. Therefore, to manage solid waste effectively, especially in the GCC nations, the use of the state of art technologies is essential.
2.3 Design topology of waste management
Intelligent garbage cans with a real-time monitoring system that integrates many options are part of the system under consideration. Throughout the design phase, low energy use was considered. As a result, each node should be able to draw power from various sources, such as solar energy or batteries. Because garbage cans are frequently placed in locations where direct sunlight is not available, we built gear that can use either energy source. During the implementation of the approaches, consideration was given to selecting the optimum electronic components for interconnection and energy efficiency tactics. In addition, technical solutions will allow nodes to be turned off when they are not in use. The entire design was focused on integrating the node’s main components when they were chosen.
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2.3.1 Fig 1.2 Design topology of waste management
2.4 Municipal solid waste source reduction
The United States has made tremendous headway in avoiding landfills and burning plants for municipal solid waste. Within a range of municipal solid waste management strategies, such as reprocessing, composition, and source reduction, states have played an essential role in assisting the nation in achieving this objective. Source reduction, often known as waste prevention, has been widely acknowledged as a common-sense strategy for maximizing resource efficiency, lowering costs, and reducing waste. As a result, the advantages of source reduction encourage an increasing number of nations to take action. A study of municipal solid waste management in GCC states is being carried out in order to go beyond typical waste management programs and develop novel waste reduction options. Rather than simply diverting waste from disposal, these projects focus on reducing waste generation in the first place. Since the late 1980s, numerous states have taken the lead by enacting novel source reduction measures, requiring reduction objectives and planning, enacting disposal prohibitions. The EPA created this snapshot to obtain a sense of state initiatives, exchange successful actions and methods, and encourage the development of effective source reduction programs across the country. When creating new source reduction initiatives, the EPA encourages states to interact and collaborate to share program-specific details. The state actions in five significant areas relating to source reduction are highlighted in this picture. Planning, which includes goal-setting and research, is implemented in state governments, residents’ homes, commercial programs, business, and industrial workplaces, and financial and technical help to local governments. State measures aim to change individual behavior through educational and technical assistance programs and provide substantial financial support for local source reduction efforts.
2.5 The waste management practices
The waste management strategies are expensive compared to the integrated systems, making it easier to find and choose low-cost alternatives. Some waste management activities cannot generate revenue; some will always be net expenses, while others may generate revenue (Nghiem and Nguyen, 2020. p.110440). The process of categorizing MSW into different categories is known as waste sorting. Sorting waste might happen before or after it is collected. It includes traveling between stops, idling, loading, and garbage compaction in the vehicle. Second, there’s recycling. Recyclables are recycled into products after garbage sorting.
Moreover, the transfer and transportation process entails transporting the collected waste to various treatment facilities. Finally, the removal and treatment and waste can be suppressed in landfills at an ignition plant. Non-recyclable garbage can be composted or transformed into energy in the form of heat, electricity, or fuel.
2.5.1 Fig 1.3 Solid waste management practices
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Furthermore, the paper encourages and supports local compost producers to reap the benefits of diverting significant amounts of trash from landfill sites and achieving the greening of open areas environmental program. Furthermore, since civic amenity sites play a significant role as recycling centers in the United Kingdom, present dump sites controlled by local governments in the GCC should follow suit. Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Gulf Cooperation Council Declares the direction of urban amenity sites and their transformation into national recycling centers. This will pave the way for a future regional recycling center and serve as the first step toward greater regional collaboration. In the management and operation of such locations, the private sector may also play an essential role. Reprocessing rates in the U.K. are as low as 5% of household waste, but recycling rates will rise with careful implementation of curbsides collection programs. A 25% aim is ambitious, but it is achievable in countries like the United Kingdom and the United States. However, in the GCC, this may not be the case because awareness and education programs must first be built to pique the interest of both governments and commercial businesses. In building a financial model for the regional recycling program, a 15% anticipated recycling rate for the GCC nations is examined later in this thesis. The author agrees with the paper’s assessment of local governments’ inability to offer paper, glass, and other recyclables markets. As a result, the private sector is better equipped to carry out recycling programs and deal with changing market conditions. The investigation which occurred in the GCC countries by the municipal of Solid Waste led to the new waste management techniques in the U.K., modeled after a concept developed in the Netherlands to cut household energy usage. Richmond’s waste management objectives have made waste minimization a priority. Cities in the GCC could benefit from the experience of cities in the U.K., such as Richmond, Sutton, and Camden, in terms of recycling and waste minimization. Furthermore, then surrounding cities of GCC can learned concerning the various options of environmental operation for garbage gathering, treatment, and disposal from cities in the United Kingdom. GCC authorities and municipalities should study the table of recycling incentives and penalties to generate techniques and proposals that may be incorporated into their reprocessing policies or, even better as compared to their waste management strategies.
2.4 Waste handling and separation
The way solid wastes are handled, stored, and processed at the source has a significant impact on the MSW system’s public health, aesthetics, and efficiency. Separation of wastes at the source will save money, but it will also improve the efficiency of recycling other components. Regrettably, the situation in the Gulf Cooperation Council is somewhat different. People in most GCC states utilize plastic bags, which hold mixed waste and are put into medium-sized containers near dwellings. This complicates the separating process. As a result, the separating process is completed once the waste is disposed of in a landfill. The deposited rubbish at the landfill receives no treatment other than the separating of valuable MSW components such as paper, plastics, glass, and metal sand by scavengers in the city and at the dumpsite, and the sale of the recovered materials to private recycling centers.
The obstacles to discarding recyclable resources that have been discovered, such as the glass, recognition of variable cullet superiority as one blockade to enhanced reprocessing but believed that the most significant barrier was a color unevenness produced by a high number of green glasses which is brought into the U.K.to the clear glass disseminated. Green glass imports should be reduced, and other uses for green cullet should be developed, among the solutions recommended. Although there was frequently rapid progress in global mandate for secondhand paper, it was thought that there was still room for more recycled fiber content in some paper products. Printing and writing, corrugated box packaging, and pharmaceutical packaging were among them. The impression that recycled paper is of lower quality, which is now outdated but persists, was a significant obstacle to the broader usage of recyclables.
Furthermore, the production capacity limit at U.K. mills was identified as relevant. The plastics business was generally more diversified and fragmented than the other major recycling sectors. The lack of continuous competitive cost, compared to virgin polymer and biodegradable from profitable and manufacturing sources, was the principal impediment to increased recycling. The main long-term challenges were viewed as resistance to the utilization of recyclables and the U.K. plastics recycling industry’s poor technology and skills base. In order to tackle by promoting the use of recycled materials and the development and distribution of innovative recycling techniques. Finally, the Group discovered that the most significant hurdle to expanded recycling in the steel and aluminum markets was quantity.
2.4.1 Fig 1.3 Waste handling and separation
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Moreover, making the polluter pay and obeying environmental boundaries are the most challenging guiding principles in the GCC states. This is owing to the lack of appropriate execution of the legislation in several GCC nations, as will be discussed later in the thesis. A system of indicators has been devised as part of the strategy to track success. The primary challenges affecting the quality of life are identified through headline indicators. Every year, along with a report on sustainable development initiatives and forward goals, these headline indicators will be presented. The strategy outlines steps to incorporate sustainable development into government policies and choices across society.
It also considers how to develop a sustainable economy that has a lower environmental impact. And they talk about how they want to help people live and work in better communities. It explains the approach for safeguarding our environment and natural resources, both for their own sake and for the economic benefit they provide. Sustainable development is a global issue; therefore, the plan focuses on international collaboration. Finally, the plan takes a quick look back at past accomplishments, current priorities, and how they will report on the outcomes of their efforts. This is an outstanding achievement by the U.K. government, which other GCC countries should emulate. The government cannot complete the task on its own. We must collaborate, forming alliances with corporations, local governments, and non-profit organizations. Many projects are already making a difference, thanks to the efforts of industry and local communities. Within the Gulf Cooperation Council, Cooperation between various sectors of the economy is hampered by a lack of public knowledge and government implementation of legislation. GCC governments must begin as soon as possible and learn from the U.K.’s experience in developing national and regional sustainable development strategies to assure a stronger position for their societies among the world’s leaders, particularly in light of globalization and WTO goals.
2.5 Benefits and drawbacks of solid waste management
To begin with, one of the advantages of trash management is that it keeps the environment clean and fresh; in fact, the most considerable benefit of garbage management is that it keeps the environment clean and friendly. People become disease-free due to these waste disposal facilities, as all wastes are appropriately disposed of and handled. More garbage disposal units could be deployed in all tier-1 and tier-2 cities to help speed up the waste disposal process. Another point worth mentioning is that this benefit can only be realized if substantial and adequate safety measures are adopted, and proper waste disposal processes are. Second, employing a half-baked strategy that is ineffective for both people and the environment is pointless. The best impact of suitable trash disposal is this. On the other side, the disadvantages include finance, which is defined as waste management on a colossal scale, which can necessitate a large amount of labor and technology to be carried out successfully. The numerous processes and actions involved in waste management require planning and implementation.
Furthermore, many various forms of trash must be managed, necessitating separate waste management procedures for each type of waste, resulting in a higher cost for waste management. Furthermore, another major limitation of waste management is worker health. Waste management and all of the processes that go along with it can cause various fungal and bacterial illnesses and diseases in those who operate in the waste management industry.
3 Discussion
While GCC countries have addressed water shortages by adopting wastewater recycling technologies and establishing a near-circular economy, the waste management industry has lagged in adopting “cradle-to-cradle” waste treatment solutions. A closer look at the waste management value chain reveals a lot of space for improvement when it comes to sorting, recycling, treatment, and waste-to-energy. Particularly in MSW, source segregation is extremely weak. Beat in Sharjah, UAE, and Beaton in Saudi Arabia are two instances of towns that have created their material sorting and recovery facilities to segregate waste streams. However, for effective recycling, segregation at the source is still required, and it creates prospects for the region, especially when combined with other value-added operations. The amount of recycled MSW is minimal, with success stories limited to the paper industry. Plastics and glass waste are bailed and sent out for recycling by the unorganized sector. This poses a tremendous untapped opportunity, particularly in light of China’s recent decision that it will prohibit the import of plastic garbage. We see the GCC countries as having a viable chance to employ more recycled content in actual packaging and manufacturing activities and even create plastics-to-fuel technologies rather than scouring the globe for the lowest feasible destinations for shipping plastic flakes and granules. There are apparent opportunities given the significant garbage creation rates and lower-than-ideal recycling rates in this region. Expanding recycling capacity is critical for dealing with the “potential” created by rising trash levels.
Resource recovery through recycling must be the goal of the legislation and outlining standards for employing minimum recovered material content. Private sector participants, such as integrated waste management service providers, must adapt their business models to reflect the global platform’s advances (Simatele, M.D., 2020.p.180). Companies must maintain continuous outreach and awareness campaigns with stakeholders such as consumer households, commercial establishments, and municipal agencies from a customer relationship standpoint, which will go a long way toward improving source segregation, a critical step inefficient recycling. To strengthen their waste management plan, service providers would have to organize themselves to make it easier for clients’ enterprises, residential zones, and compounds. This may necessitate the client’s logistics and supply networks being streamlined. More crucially, the value offer must consider the industry’s shifting dynamics. This should be focused on resource recovery and up-cycling to achieve a zero-waste economy. To attain zero waste targets, organizations will need to procure and apply technology to treat hard-to-recycle items within waste kinds, influencing essential resources. As the focus shifts from different services to integrated waste management, the GCC waste management services market offers long-term sustainable and viable prospects for end-to-end waste management. Opportunities for waste-to-energy, recycling, and even compost production will undoubtedly develop in the future.
4 Recommendation and Conclusion
As far as waste management is concerned, the recommended action to be taken by the government of the GCC states concerning the strategies is essential. To improve trash collection, treatment, and disposal management, a lot of focus is required, and hence should be directed to strengthening organization and connection in the various administrations. More coordination and support are required to fully exploit the implementation strategies of the sustainable waste management system. To achieve this, the authorities at the lowest levels should work hand in hand with the different ministers, including waste management, energy, and the environment. Residential enterprises and learning institutions must maintain consistent communication with the regulatory organizations in charge of waste management. Considerably, it can be made possible by organizing and gathering waste management stakeholders. Consider establishing an extended producer responsibility system to rethink the waste management fee structure. Collaborate with universities and research institutions to assist towns in facing issues, creating maintainable solutions, and building plans to recover waste management and service delivery.
Conclusively, waste management is an example of one of the most pressing conservational issues confronting GCC municipalities. Benefits can only be realized if substantial and adequate safety measures and proper waste disposal processes are adopted. Second, employing a half-baked strategy that is ineffective for both people and the environment is pointless. The best impact of suitable trash disposal is this. On the other side, the disadvantages include finance, which is defined as waste management on a vast scale, which can necessitate a large amount of labor and technology to be carried out successfully. Intelligent garbage cans with a real-time monitoring system that integrates many options are part of the system under consideration. Throughout the design phase, low energy use was considered. The significance of the state-of-the-art technologies is to deal with complications in the spatial data hence the provision of a platform for the diverse model integration, interfaces, and sub-systems. In the combination of a geographical positioning system, the novel dynamic scheduling and routing architecture is set to reduce the transportation and operating expenses, including fuel, labor, and maintenance in garbage collection, especially in the GCC states.
Despite the financial and technological challenges that the waste management industry faces, efforts to shift garbage from landfills to sophisticated recycling plants are ongoing. Indeed, most countries in the United States are pursuing long-term waste management solutions. Most decision-makers are aware of their issues and past failures in establishing a solid waste management system.
5 Summary
The Gulf Cooperation Council states that waste management is a serious concern. This emergence of a new environmental and economic issue, namely, greater demand mainly on the rapid population, the increased pollution and all of which have a detrimental impact on the waste management systems in the host nations. The difficulty, however, is inputting the plan into action. Due to rapid socioeconomic growth, the tension between increasing waste-generation rates and declining waste-disposal capacities has become increasingly important. The combination of a geographical positioning system, the novel dynamic scheduling, and routing architecture is set to reduce the transportation and operating expenses, including fuel, labor, and maintenance in garbage collection, especially in the GCC states, particularly glass waste collection, across the GCC states.
The influence of immigrant flows due to political unrest in the GCC region has strained waste management and infrastructure. In most Gulf Cooperation Council states countries, the national private sector has a limited role in decision-making and formulating waste management plans and strategies. Most GCC nations urgently require private-sector participation and investment in the waste management industry to attain sustainable development goals. Limited financing sources and their detrimental impact on the region’s waste management quality and project sustainability. The fees paid for garbage management are pretty low, covering only about 30% of the costs. The waste management funding structure is unequally divided, with 90 percent of available cash going to logistics and only 10% to treatment. As a result, efforts should be made to strengthen and empower towns so that they may create and execute long-term solutions that are appropriate for their circumstances and capacities.
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