The media often makes a representation of migrants based on issues in politics and ideological trends. Hispanic migration is a typical issue in the American media, and migrants are often portrayed in the context of issues on the Southern Border, security challenges, integration problems, identity politics, and other issues of American interest. The media themes can prioritize the interests and politics of various sections of the American public, creating a bias in the portrayal of migrants. Therefore, there is the risk of misrepresenting the migrants, their experiences, or pursuits because the media can fail to strike a balance of interests. An example is when the representation focuses on the financial costs of immigration when the media prioritizes economic issues in the U.S., failing to capture immigrants’ core interests of safety or intentions of using the U.S. as a transition. Comparing the representations of migrants in the U.S. media to those in the Mexican media can reveal whether particular media portrayals are consistent. The paper will analyze these comparisons using articles from the New York Times in the U.S. versus those of El Universal in Mexico.
Background
Hispanic migration patterns have primarily revolved around economic challenges like unemployment and low farm produce due to droughts and generally low economic performance, violence, political turmoil, and the pursuit of better opportunities (U.S. Agency for International Development 8). However, the media does not usually capture the trends and underlying issues in a balanced way in portraying Hispanic migrants due to bias in media frames (Scherman and Etchegaray 5065). Media frames differ across regions because a region’s internal experiences and information differ from the priorities in another region or country (Heidenreich et al. 176). Therefore, the potential for conflicting portrayals of migrants is substantial when comparing news media across nations.
Thesis
The thesis proposes that media representation of Hispanic migrants differs in the U.S. for the case of the New York Times, compared to the media in their origin, for the case of El Universal, and part of the difference could be due to conflict over resources. The justification for this thesis is the differences in media frames across regions due to different priorities in the information that predominates news media across regions or countries (Heidenreich et al. 177), and the differences can be in how negative or positive the media represents migrants or how attitudes towards migrants prevail (Barragan 5). Allen (67) demonstrated the need to investigate the immense influence of the media because people can also compare media representations over time and with their own experiences or judgments on the issue of immigration. Furthermore, differences in media portrayal of Hispanic migrants are critical to observe because they can reveal insights about the policy positions that result from certain narratives (Perfil). One example of a vital policy area is integration, whereby understanding migrants and their integration implicates a country’s socio-cultural and economic issues (Joseph 4). The media shapes debate on social and cultural integration issues in its information about migrants in various regions and their societal roles (Joseph 11; Faustino 58). Therefore, it is vital to analyze the media portrayal of Hispanic migrants differs in the migrants’ destination in the U.S. compared to the media in their origin to understand patterns in the comparative representations.
Literature Review
Differences in the representation of migrants in media across countries have emerged in past research. Olier (12) found substantial differences in the emotions and titles the media across ten countries used to portray migrants, amounting to different stereotypes. Some regions like Spain, Hungary, Sweden, and Australia represented migrants based on different emotions like fear, anger, and sadness, sometimes associating different emotions with varying genders of migrants. The media also often covers migration issues by highlighting different groups’ governance policies and political views, implying that migrants affiliate with certain political sides or ideologies. The media’s portrayals of migrants can amount to the messaging of migration, which is how the overall information about migrants is passed to the public.
Allen (67) examined the issue of “messaging migration,” which is how information about migration spreads in society. The analysis focused on how media information about migrants can impact public views, attitudes, and policy preferences. Four bodies of work by past researchers led to the conclusion that the media substantially influences the public. However, the impact was limited by the consumer’s alternative ways of looking at the issue and using alternative sources. People can compare the news media’s representations over time and across other sources or other media. Therefore, the impact of the media does not always amount to narrowing people’s perspectives because the consumer can add complexity to how they receive and use the information. Dobles (67) also demonstrated a broader view of the media as a tool with both negative and positive representations of migrants. The analysis focused on human migration and its link to communication or media technologies, mainly via smartphones. The media type impacts how migrants understand the portrayals of migration. The information in the media also helps migrants inform each other or collaboratively manage migration issues. Dobles’ research indicated that migrants control critical aspects of their media consumption.
Barragan (5) examines how the mass media portrays Latino immigrants by focusing on long-standing immigration issues. In-depth interviews with Latino immigrants in their citizenship process combined with views of attorneys help explain the migrants’ experiences compared to media portrayals. The findings show that negative media representation is prevalent and influences the public’s attitudes towards Latinos. The researcher argues that general public attitudes or views are shifting positively and may continue to do so. Compared to Erba’s view of the increasing stereotype threat against Latinos, Barragan’s research shows a broader positive perspective (Erba 7). Erba’s analysis was on media representations of Latinos, specifically on stereotype threat for Latino students. Interviews with students strongly identifying with Latino heritage and those who did not identify with it showed the impacts of stereotypical media portrayals. Students who weakly identified with the Latina heritage did not change their behavior when exposed to the stereotypes, while the Latina students had to change. Therefore, exposure to media increased the stereotype threat that could affect Latinos. Stereotyping also impacts integration and assimilation, and the media influences such outcomes through debates and rhetoric about the integration of migrants into society (Faustino 58; Joseph 11). Retis (292) found that the media in Latin America agreed on the need to combat stereotyping. However, such media was also ineffective because it dwelt on the themes of violence and crime with little flexibility for other vital issues.
Methodology
The research applied content analysis to New York Times and El Universal articles. An analysis of the articles was meant to determine whether the media portrayal of Hispanic migrants differed in the New York Times compared to the media where the migrants came from, i.e., the case of El Universal in Mexico, and whether a central part of the difference could be conflicting views about resources. Therefore, searching for publications about migrants in comparative media of the New York Times and El Universal was the core data collection process. The inclusion criteria for the articles included:
- Addressing Hispanic immigration in the headline and content.
- Published in the past three months.
The approach to analysis was to compare the themes portraying Hispanic immigrants in the New York Times articles compared to those in El Universal. Identifying the themes involved reviewing the articles to determine how they talked about immigrants in crucial resource areas like welfare (migrant poverty), security or safety, jobs, healthcare, and infrastructure. The associations the papers made between immigrants and these crucial resource areas provided the themes of migrant representation in the media. Therefore, the research could compare the migrant representation in the New York Times versus El Universal.
El Universal
In El Universal, Krauze writes about an American presidential candidate’s warning to migrants from Mexico and his overall anti-immigrant policy that may lead to mass deportation of undocumented people in the U.S. The article views the migrants as honest, hard-working, and deserving of better treatment, which the candidate fails to recognize. The author mainly substantiates his views by emphasizing the candidate’s flaws, including previous rhetoric about election results, purported attempts to reverse the outcomes, and speculation about his second term as a period of radicalization where anti-immigrant attitudes may increase. The overall expression of fear for the candidate’s potential election victory emerges, and it is mainly based on his ability to use wide-sweeping federal powers to implement mass deportations of migrants and other anti-migrant policies.
Santamaria writes an article in El Universal that also focuses on the American presidential candidate’s potential second administration’s anti-immigration policies. The candidate has promised to reinstate a previous deal he made with Mexico in his first term, where asylum seekers stayed in Mexico while awaiting the processing of their applications. The author notes that Mexico’s consent to the agreement is uncertain because its judiciary could oppose it on humanitarian grounds. The article candidate has also promised to push for agreements with some Central American countries and attempt to expand the initiative to other regions. The article portrays migrants as victims of civil rights infringement and as people facing an uncertain future due to potential subjection to the next U.S. president’s use of federal powers.
An article by Ponce seeks to guide migrants on how to check their visa application status and how to use their rights in the application process. Therefore, the article portrays migrants as people with rights and tries to increase their knowledge of the visa application process. The first area is proper documentation, where the author urges applicants to provide all requisite documentation when attempting to gain entry into the United States. The applicants also need to understand that the waiting time can be long, which may jeopardize urgent travel plans. Applicants can also check their visa status online on a USCIS website or inquire via phone. The article then informs the applicants about their rights, including their actions after visa denial, including applying for exemption from inadmissibility and exploring other options. Therefore, the article reveals the applicants’ rights.
Santamaria (a) writes another article in El Universal elaborating on the collaboration of the American and Mexican presidents over causes of migration and controlling the flow of illegal substances across the border, especially fentanyl. On the issue of immigration, the leaders take a humanitarian approach where they propose humanitarian parole for migrants from Nicaragua, Venezuela, Haiti, and Cuba. The root causes of immigration that they address include a lack of economic prosperity, jobs, and climate change crises. Therefore, the article’s impression of migrants is that of people caught up in complex challenges.
Espino and Morales write another article in El Universal about the president of Mexico promising to push for an American-led plan for resolving the migration crisis. The plan is an aid initiative that could target Latin America and Caribbeans to improve their lives at home, thus disincentivizing their migration. Therefore, the article also portrays migrants as people with economic incentives for migration.
Meléndez’s article in El Universal describes migration as a crisis where the influx has burgeoned, and Hispanics are among the increasing numbers. The migrants are escaping poverty and violence from countries like Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and Honduras. Most of them seek to exploit the asylum system in the U.S.
El Universal (a) is an article focusing on the mistreatment of migrants at the U.S. border, portraying them as subjected to abuse by border agents. (El Universal (b)) is also another article in the Mexican paper, and it reports on Venezuela’s president’s rebuke of the mistreatment of Hispanic migrants. Extortionists, brokers, and traffickers mistreat the migrants. The president announces collaborative efforts to work with the U.S. to help his citizens. Therefore, “migrants as victims” is the general portrayal in the article. Castro’s El Universal article also showcases migrants as vulnerable in a campaign using a Latina celebrity to discourage people from crossing the border into the U.S. The El Universal article by Perfil (a) also portrays Hispanic immigrants as stranded in shelters and on the streets in the U.S., adamant and facing pressure to leave. The city’s governance wishes that they leave to go elsewhere in the U.S., and it offers them plane tickets.
New York Times
An article by Jordan in the New York Times describes the problem of increasing injuries among migrants due to a border wall. The migrants incur injuries like limb fractures, head injuries and trauma, cuts, and extensive tissue damage while attempting to get across the border wall. The other result of these injuries is increased pressure on healthcare facilities in the U.S., especially in regions near the border. The healthcare costs for injured migrants at two hospitals that treat trauma in C. San Diego Health has increased by $61 million in three years. The migrants’ portrayal is as relentless people undaunted by the risks of physical harm. Heisler et al. also look into the plight of migrants in terms of their living conditions and experiences in the U.S. The Hispanic migrants are escaping poverty and violence at home, and the city of New York is unable to secure shelter for most of them.
An article on the APEC Summit that was to take place in the U.S. addresses fentanyl as an issue affecting Mexico and the U.S. via a porous border and drug trafficking, and its production is in China. While illegal fentanyl supplies to the U.S. co-occur alongside illegal immigration, the article does not conflate the portrayal of migrants with such trafficking. Nevertheless, the article discusses how the presidents aim to appeal to China for a collaborative effort to combat the challenge of fentanyl.
Savage writes a New York Times article on a presidential candidate’s plans for tighter migration control to the U.S. if elected in upcoming elections. The candidate’s plans include a large-scale roundup of illegal and undocumented migrants in the U.S. for deportation back to their countries of origin. The plan also includes targeting migrants based on their origin, e.g., Muslim countries, and he plans to use a previous model where Mexican migrants were detained for processing and then deported. An asylum arrangement with Mexico will also be part of the plan. The article portrays Mexican migrants as vulnerable and targeted by the candidate’s plan as they may be shot or mistreated in the proposed policy. Urdaneta’s New York Times article also focuses on tight migration policies but for the current administration, where Venezuelan immigrants are likely to be deported, which disheartens those who want to move to the U.S.
Douthat’s New York Times article also addresses migration as a permanent crisis. The permanence is due to a circular approach to policy where one administration’s policy undoes the previous one’s policy and because migrants are becoming more adaptive using digital technologies to mobilize and exploit loopholes in the system. The portrayal of migrants is also as potential victims of more punitive policy, which is likely to result from the current crisis. Newman’s article in the New York Times also shows the persistence of the crisis as it covers the failing controls leading to an official from New York to travel to Mexico in a bid to attempt to persuade migrants against moving to the U.S. Valdez’s New York Times article implies that the crisis is perpetual because the system makes legal migration difficult. Latino immigrants serve as essential cheap laborers who add immense economic value to the U.S.
Comparative Analysis
The portrayal of Hispanic migrants as subjects of poverty and violence is similar in both El Universal and the New York Times. In the New York Times, Jordan’s article shows that migrants suffer serious injuries and thus are vulnerable to strict border policy. Similarly, an article by Meléndez in El Universal portrays Hispanic migrants as part of the influx of migrants whose leading cause of migration is subjection to poverty and violence. The section of Hispanic migrants is from South America, including Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, and other nations. The migrants mix up with other migrants from around the world who share similar problems.
Heisler et al. also portray the migrants as subjects of poverty and violence in their New York Times article. Cases of Hispanic migrants emerge, and they mainly focus on securing shelter and asylum and then getting jobs in the U.S., i.e., odd jobs. The migrants try to create their communities by residing with fellow nationalities or going to where their relatives are. The U.S. states where they move are overwhelmed by the pressure on resources, mainly shelter and the money to provide necessities for the migrants and security. The result is a series of conflicts in policy as conservative and Republican-leaning states try to offload the responsibilities to the liberal or Democrat-leaning states. The Hispanic migrants in both this article in the New York Times and the article by Meléndez in El Universal are also portrayed as facing an uncertain future of deportation. Still, they hope to exploit the weakness of the asylum system, where their court case can take several years.
The focus on violence in portraying immigrants is in the article (El Universal (b)), which portrays migrants as victims of mistreatment where the Venezuelan president denounces their victimization by brokers and traffickers. The article fails to explain the migrants’ status or the policy impacting them when they experience such mistreatment. The article also fails to show whether the migrants’ resolve to move to the U.S. can change, given the pronouncement of the repatriation program between the U.S. and Venezuela. Instead, the article focuses on explaining one event of migrant abuse. Therefore, there is a narrow representation of the Hispanic migrants in the article. Comparatively, a New York Times article by Urdaneta and Mega depicts a broader and balanced approach by portraying migrants as relentless in their search for security, safety, and dignity as they escape political repression and poverty at home, citing economic mismanagement as the cause of the poverty. In Urdaneta’s article, the migrant’s portrayal is that of relentless people whose primary fear is being rejected or deported by U.S. officials based on changing immigration policy. The migrants adaptively respond to the policy changes and are ready to journey regardless of other risks.
The New York Times frequently strikes a balance between the how of compassion for migrants and exploring the immigration policy and solutions in the U.S. For example, Savage’s article condemns Trump’s anti-migrant policy because it makes them suffer and violates their rights. Another article by Newman portrays Hispanic immigrants primarily as needy economic immigrants receiving immense support through a lens of governance policy. The article reports on New York City’s mayor, whose previous lenient policies helped house and feeds the migrants, and he goes to Mexico to appeal for less influx of migrants into his state. The migrants moving to New York increase costs for the city, which is obliged by the law to find housing for them and also deals with the burden of feeding more than 60,000 migrants. The article emphasizes such constraints on the resources in the U.S. for the case of New York City and the effort made by border states to avoid incurring costs of hosting the migrants. Therefore, rather than just focusing on the suffering of the migrants, the article strikes a balance in showing the effects of their mass migration.
A contrasting article in El Universal (i.e., El Universal (a)) focuses only on migrants facing abuse at the border without exploring their status in relevant policy. The article portrays Hispanic migrants as people subjected to abuse by border agents, telling the story of a Texas National Guard describing a migrant who attempts to cross a border fence as an animal. The guard vows that he will not show mercy to animals about the migrant. The article is in sharp contrast to the portrayal in the New York Times article, where much more compassion for migrants is evident. However, the two stories’ contexts are in different locations, one on the U.S. border and the other in New York and the interior of Mexico.
An article by Valdez in the New York Times portrays Latino immigrants as cheap laborers entitled to illegal crossing. The article emphasizes that illegal crossings are an important functional aspect of immigration into the U.S. because they allow cheap labor to flow into the U.S. Douthat’s article also shows that the system changes circularly without solving underlying problems. Therefore, the articles claim that illegal crossings will have to continue because the U.S. lacks a proper immigration policy, and migrants are essential to the U.S. economy. Strict immigration laws make it difficult for them to get in legally. The other primary justification is that the world has become increasingly connected and fluid, which makes illegal immigration unavoidable. The U.S. attracts most of the illegal migrants in North America because it has sectors and job types designed for the migrants. The jobs are low-paying and do not involve proper contracts or benefits. Failing to compensate migrants adequately makes the U.S. economy benefit from migrant labor through cheap goods and services. On the contrary, an article by Castro in El Universal portrays migrants as highly vulnerable, not entitled to illegal crossing, and that they could lose everything they value when crossing the border. Therefore, they are not permitted to illegal crossing. The article emphasizes the campaigns discouraging unlawful crossing into the U.S. by showing the impact of a famous Latina celebrity in helping drive the message by cautioning people from crossing the border. Similar to other previous El Universal articles that address illegal crossing, Castro does not appeal for leniency by border patrol or overemphasize any solution that leads to settling in the U.S.
The other comparative portrayal of migrants is how illegal migrants can ultimately be stopped or deterred from streaming to the U.S. Wu’s New York Times article notes that a border control policy that prevents or reverses entry by requiring immediate deportation and stricter asylum laws significantly reduces illegal immigration. However, the article notes that border security policies change over time, especially with changes in administration, which makes the immigrants adapt and continue streaming into the U.S. illegally. Comparatively, an article by Espino and Morales emphasizes that American economic investments in Latin America will provide the ultimate solution for the migrants. The article cites the president of Mexico in stressing the need for such investment as an essential plan that the U.S. needs to make to stop migrants from streaming northwards towards the U.S. border. Santamaria’s article in El Universal condemns strict immigration policy as associated with a regime that does not address migrant’s suffering. While both the NYT and El Universal portray illegal Latino migrants as a problem of the U.S., requiring an American solution, they offer different ultimate solutions. Furthermore, the solutions appear to diverge in how American investments apply to the issue. The New York Times article shows no leading role for the economic resources that El Universal prioritizes in the ultimate solution that deters migrants. Therefore, the article is conservative towards U.S. resources, similar to the concerns expressed in previous articles by Newman, where the migrants are portrayed as burdens to the resources in the U.S.
The final aspect is in how the New York Times and El Universal portray the stranded Hispanic immigrants inside the U.S. The El Universal newspaper portrays the migrant in shelters and on the streets as an adamant and arrogant character in the article by Perfil (a), where immigrants are expected to leave New York but are not offered a viable alternative. The article emphasizes the city’s challenges of running out of resources and approaching a breaking point where it will no longer be the same, i.e., the migrants’ problems will burden it. Therefore, the migrants receive offers of plane tickets to leave for other destinations, but they refuse. The migrants decline the offers because they prefer the opportunities in New York City and will only leave if the offers include a job in the proposed destination. Comparatively, the New York Times portrays the stranded Hispanic immigrants as fairly reasonable individuals who acknowledge their mistakes, and some of them purchase their tickets to visit friends in other states. The article recognizes that the city’s right-to-shelter policy makes the migrants want to stay in New York.
Conclusion
Conclusively, the comparative analysis of how the New York Times and El Universal portray Hispanic migrants shows a balanced and broader representation in the New York Times compared to El Universal. El Universal narrowly represents the migrants as victims of mistreatment and at the mercy of U.S. policy. In contrast, the New York Times represents immigrants as vulnerable, resilient, and controllable through policy or legal reforms. While both newspapers portray the Hispanic migrants as victims of poverty and violence, they treat their influx into the U.S. differently, which portrays them as a problem that can either be resolved through economic policy for El Universal or broad reforms for the New York Times. El Universal’s narrow representation of migrants is also because it dwells on a narrower theme of violence or mistreatment of migrants in their journey to the U.S. When addressing the risk of deportation of those who arrive in the U.S., El Universal portrays them less compassionately. However, the New York Times dwells on resource constraints that migrants create in the U.S., making a balanced representation of migrants. The El Universal appears to prioritize the suffering of migrants without striking a balance with the pressure exerted on resources in the United States.
Future research can examine the differences in the framing of immigrants during their asylum and how the media representations impact their lives. Research can also investigate how immigrants can be assisted to fit better in society.
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