Abstract
This research examines the impact of mother-son connections on adult sons’ perceptions of women. The primary query is whether kids who see their mothers treated with dignity and respect will grow to appreciate and treat women well. According to the study, sons with solid parental relationships respect women more. Two hundred adult male participants, ages 18 to 45, were selected for the study based on various factors, including age, socioeconomic level, and culture. The research employs self-reported ratings, standardized gender equality and empathy surveys, and controlled behavioural observations. After using descriptive statistics to characterize the participants’ demographics, regression analysis looks at the relationship between mother-son interactions and boys’ attitudes and behaviours toward women. The results highlight the importance of mother-son bonds for gender equality and constructive interactions with women. It examines how observer subjectivity and self-report biases affect gender development, family dynamics, and interpersonal relationships.
Introduction
Maternal ties shape sons’ views of women. To understand how maternal relationships affect males’ views and attitudes toward women is crucial. This study improves psychology by exploring the connections between parental ties and sons’ adult relationships. Seeing a son’s mother loved and encouraged early on may have enduring effects. Early positive mother-boy relationships may alter boys’ adult relationships, prompting this study. Exposure may promote respect and optimism for women. This study is unique since it examines mother-boy relationships and boys’ attitudes toward women. Unlike other parental effect studies, it examines the association between a positive mother-son relationship and boys’ later interactions with women. This fills a literature gap and illuminates opposite-gender attitudes. This study examines the assumption that sons who see their mothers loved and respected as youngsters would respect and treat women properly as adults. Social learning from early positive mother interactions impacts boys’ mature interpersonal dynamics. Therefore, knowing how mother-son connections affect men’s views and behaviour toward women is crucial.
Literature Review
Mother-son connection growth is highlighted in Kalpana (2017). This relationship’s emotional and psychological impact on the son’s maturation is highlighted. The primary themes are emotional intelligence, a mother’s interest in her son’s education and academic progress, emotional intelligence and behavioural control, respect for women, less risky conduct, and personal and professional success. Kalpana (2017) uses psychological theories but ignores data collecting and methods. The lack of research citations makes assessing the statements’ empirical validity hard. The article analyzes the evolving mother-son relationship and offers advice for a good relationship. However, the article does not address research limits or alternative perspectives, which could improve its scholarship.
Anubhuti Mishra examines the intricate mother-son relationship. It claims healthy mother-son interactions improve gender attitudes and behaviour. This relationship can affect guys’ views and behaviour toward women, but the essay highlights the advantages. This complements the research by showing how healthy mother-son connections affect boys’ opinions of women. The article claims that positive emotions and role modelling increase behaviour but provides no theory or methodology. The article presents a positive story without addressing challenges or harmful effects (MISHRA, 2023). Through positive mother-son dynamics, emotional support, and role modelling, sons may acquire favourable thoughts and actions toward women.
In rural Nepal, Jennings et al. (2012) examine how parental views, especially marriage timing, affect sons’ behaviour. A 10-year family panel study investigates sons’ marital behaviour, childbirth, and old age care attitudes. The study found that mothers’ and dads’ views affect sons’ marital behaviour independently of broad ideational domains. Intergenerational and attitude-behavior frameworks are used in non-Western contexts, and gender-specific parenting is investigated. The statistics reveal that parents’ beliefs greatly influence sons’ marriage behaviour and how he treats his wife. The essay addresses a literature gap by focusing on non-Western cultures and collectivist tendencies’ effects on family connections. Instead of cross-societal comparisons, the study examines intergenerational influences on behaviour and parental attitudes shaping sons’ marriage behaviour in non-Western settings, which can affect their perceptions of women.
LibreTexts libraries (2018) employ gender and social role theory to investigate the family’s vital role in gender socialization for children and adolescents. It emphasizes that boys and girls learn behaviour and attitudes from their family and culture, which shapes gender roles and gender-specific social conduct. The study studied how parental actions affect children’s learning and the unintentional transfer of gender norms. The paper proposes gender-specific behaviour development but needs more methodological details and empirical evidence. It concludes that families actively and unconsciously impact children’s gender role socialization. The essay emphasizes family gender socialization and gender norms to overcome previous study limitations.
Lombardi (2012) disputes the idea that mother-son bonds limit masculine independence. A life. The essay disproves the “mama’s boy” cliche and explains how mother-son connections shape boys. Lombard stresses the importance of the mother-son relationship for preventing adult behavioural disorders, educational performance, mental health, adolescent safety, and personal and professional success. Psychology shows that mother-son relationships last throughout childhood and adulthood. Prematurely pulling boys from their moms violates love, emotional intelligence, and manliness. The article suggests that mother-son ties boost behaviour, school, and mental health. It denies that close mother-child bonds damage. Healthy mother-son connections improve males, says the article. Lombardi disproves “too close” moms’ boy impacts. It gently tackles past study constraints that may have influenced this assessment. Detailed research on other ideas would strengthen the argument and challenge traditional viewpoints. These positive relationships support the assumption that mother-son relationships influence boys’ mature perceptions of women.
Hatimy (2022) teaches males respect and d. The qualitative research examines how the author’s motherhood affected her son’s character, marriage, and fatherhood. The author’s son’s relationship advice is compared to her mother and mother-in-law’s. Though insightful, its human experiences lack academic framework references, making it anecdotal. Systematically applying psychological or sociological concepts would improve academic rigour. Research and expert opinions improve the article. The essay claims that a son’s respect and responsibility upbringing affects his future relationships with women. Her dedication to raising a good boy supports this. It reveals that moms influence their sons’ marriages and parenting, emphasizing the value of maternal advice in peaceful relationships. Unfortunately, maternal impact studies and parenting’s effects on boys’ attitudes of women are overlooked. The author may stress personal experience limitations in broader comments. Hatimy (2022) analyzes mother-son relationships and boys’ views of women; thus, moms affect males’ partners and fatherhood values.
Hypothesis
Hypothesis: Sons who witness their mothers loved and respected in a good and supportive relationship as children will appreciate and treat women well as adults.
Sons nurtured by caring moms admire gender equality, compassion, and understanding of women as adults. These sons’ regard for their mothers extends to their interactions with women, which include active listening, support, and cooperation. Research on maternal ties and emotional development shows that people with positive parenting have higher emotional intelligence in their relationships with women, leading to more positive interactions. Self-reported maternal affection, respect, and emotional support will be measured in adult males with positive parental exposure throughout childhood. Adult sons with self-reported poorer mother-child relationships make up the control group. The study uses quantitative surveys on gender equality, empathy, and relationship satisfaction and qualitative in-depth interviews to examine how parenting shapes participants’ attitudes toward women. To study respect and affection for women, controlled behavioural observations are used.
Design
The cross-sectional study analyzes how parental connections shape sons’ mature perceptions of women. Reported love, respect, and emotional support during the son’s childhood evaluate maternal relationship dynamics. Standardized gender equality, empathy, and relationship satisfaction questionnaires measure attitudes toward women; self-report and controlled behavioural observations measure behaviours. Age, socioeconomic level, and culture are controls.
Participants will rate their childhood maternal connections for love, respect, and emotional support on the Likert scale in operationalization. Standardized surveys will assess gender equality, empathy, and woman-related relationship satisfaction. Self-reflection and controlled behavioural observations will evaluate adult relationship behaviours such as active listening, supportiveness, and cooperation.
To guarantee diversity, participants will be recruited in many ways and given informed consent to participate anonymously. Online polls, in-depth interviews, and controlled observations will collect data. Regression analysis will test the hypothesis and evaluate variables, while thematically reviewing qualitative interview data will explain quantitative findings. Mother-son interactions and sons’ views and behaviours toward women in adult relationships are studied using cross-sectional data and well-defined factors.
Method (participants)
The statistical power required to find significant effects in the proposed relationships dictates the size of the study’s sample. A sample of 200 participants is considered acceptable due to the complex nature of the long-term impacts of mother relationship dynamics on adult sons’ attitudes and actions toward women. This scale guarantees robust statistical analysis and permits a suitable degree of experience variability. The recruitment approach aims to gather adult experiences from males 18 and older. Age is considered over various life events, from 18 to 45. Self-reported income and education levels are used to determine socioeconomic position, and cultural background is considered to respect and investigate the variety of effects of maternal relationships, guaranteeing thorough sample coverage.
The study will exclude people with severe psychiatric or mental diseases or significant trauma unrelated to the family to focus on mother interactions. Male gender, informed consent, survey availability, and willingness to participate in follow-up interviews or observations are recruitment factors. Through unique arrangements and compensation, participants are informed of their voluntary and confidential participation. The study may be emotionally taxing, so participants will get therapy. After Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval to gather data, the study follows informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation. A careful focus on participant selection and ethics protects study validity, sample representativeness, and participant well-being.
Method (materials)
For complete variable analysis, the study uses self-created and established technologies. Self-created tools include the Mother Relationshipnaire, a Likert scale to assess childhood motherly love, respect, and emotional support. Participants’ mothers’ childhood appreciation for their fathers is asked in this questionnaire. This tool’s systematic checklist helps observers record respectful and positive attitudes toward women in controlled settings, including active listening, helping, and cooperating. The 1993 King and King Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale measures participants’ views on gender equality, while Davis’ 1980 Interpersonal Reactivity Index measures empathy for those in adversity.
Using test-retest reliability criteria, a thirty-person pilot test will assess the self-created Maternal Relationship Dynamics Questionnaire’s comprehensibility and consistency. The study uses a Behavior Observations Checklist with independent observers analyzing identical cases for inter-rater reliability. Statistical measures ensure observation consistency. The study’s Cronbach’s alpha-assessed internal consistency will help determine material reliability (Li et al., 2023). The careful selection, design, and validation of these evaluation instruments improve the study’s internal validity and dependability by examining the targeted components.
Methods (Recruitment)
Diversity will be sought through online, social, and community centre recruitment. Recruitment pamphlets will briefly state the study’s goals, anonymity, and voluntary participation. Participants will give online informed permission describing the study’s aim, risks, and voluntary participation before starting. Participants will examine their formative maternal connections using the Maternal Relationship Dynamics Questionnaire, following explicit instructions to ensure truthful responses. Gender equality and empathy will be measured using the balanced Gender Egalitarianism and Empathy Scales to avoid order effects. A sample will be asked to show respect and pleasant feelings for women in controlled conditions and reply naturally.
Experimental groups will be assigned randomly to reduce behavioural effects, and scenario presentation orders will be changed using randomization and counterbalancing. Use semi-structured interviews to examine maternal ties and their effects on women’s opinions and actions in detailed subsample interviews. After data collection, a debriefing statement will discuss study goals, emotional impact, and therapeutic choices. Thematically assessing qualitative interview data will support regression analysis of quantitative data to improve clarity and replicability. Regular counterbalancing and randomization reduce order effects and promote internal validity. Ethics and participant well-being will guide debriefing.
Data reduction
To measure attitudes toward women, the Gender Egalitarianism and Empathy Scales will be used. These scores assess empathy and gender equality, where better ratings on each scale imply more positive views of women. The behaviour toward women will be analyzed by self-report and observation. Participants will assess adult relationships, emphasizing respect and positive attitudes toward women. Respectful gestures, active listening, and regulated engagement will have codes. Missing data will be discarded or imputed listwise based on quantity and pattern. The final report will justify the method.
Extreme outliers in quantitative data will be verified. Outliers can be winsorized or transformed to reduce analytic impact. Transcription and thematic coding of in-depth interview qualitative data will be conducted to examine how maternal relationship patterns affect women’s views and behaviours. Inter-rater reliability and coding systems classify controlled scenario behaviours (Li et al., 2023). Verbal affirmations, encouraging gestures, and active engagement will show respect and positive views toward women. Double-coding and educating distinct coders on the coding approach ensures observational data reliability. Inter-rater reliability will be examined using Cohen’s kappa for categorical codes and intraclass correlation coefficients for continuous codes (Li et al., 2023). Disagreements will be resolved by consensus negotiations after code reliability checks.
Demographical factors and dependent variables have means, standard deviations, and frequency distributions. Regression analysis and other inferential statistics will test hypotheses and study maternal relationships and women’s behaviour. Statistical analysis will demonstrate these correlations’ strength and importance. We shall use thematic analysis to highlight mother connection patterns and their influence on women’s views and behaviours. The method helps understand qualitative data and reveal trends. This comprehensive data analysis method analyzes quantitative and qualitative data. Inter-rater reliability tests improve observational measure validity, and incorporating qualitative and quantitative findings helps assess study goals.
Quantitative variables like the Gender Egalitarianism and Empathy Scale scores are analyzed using descriptive statistics like mean and SD. These statistics show participants’ main views on women, showing trends and variations. Means reveal gender equality and empathy, whereas standard deviations show sample heterogeneity. Demographic frequency distributions for age, culture, and social level show participant distribution and sample makeup. In this initial data analysis, means and standard deviations show central tendencies and variations in attitudes and behaviours toward women in the study sample, and frequency distributions show participant demographics.
According to Sasso (2021), inferential statistics analysis uses regression analysis to determine if parental ties affect women’s behaviour. Multiple regressions involving age and socioeconomic status will control for confounding variables to assess this association’s strength and direction. Moderator analysis will identify moderators based on culture and demographics’ effects on mother-child interactions and women’s views. Interaction keywords will be generated to test moderation and discover sample conditional linkages. A mediation study will examine if maternal bonds indirectly affect outcomes by affecting parental relationships and women’s conduct. Bootstrapping indirect effects will reveal mediation pathways in the complicated interactions under study.
Regression analysis can test the central hypothesis by controlling for confounding variables and examining maternal relationship dynamics and women’s attitudes and behaviours (Sasso, 2021). Maternal link interactions and participant factors benefit from moderation analysis. Conditional effects aid analysis. Mediation analysis determines how maternal bonds affect women’s behaviour. Inferential statistics show how mother-son relationships affect boys’ thoughts and actions toward women.
Conclusion and results
This study examines how mother-son relationships affect adult sons’ views and conduct toward women. Identifying a loving and respectful relationship with moms during childhood influences sons’ favourable views and courteous behaviour toward women as adults. The complete study uses quantitative and qualitative data from 200 adult male participants aged 18–45 to ensure a nuanced, demographic-based exploration. Regression analyses show how mother-daughter connections affect women’s views, emphasizing the need to analyze the impacts in statistical and practical contexts. Moderator research examines whether demographics weaken mother-son bonds, prompting questions about culture and other factors. Mediation study highlights the theoretical and practical importance of mediating variables to understand underlying mechanisms and how maternal interactions shape women’s beliefs and actions. Given self-report biases and observer subjectivity’s effects on measurement accuracy, acknowledging limits and correcting sample biases and generalizability difficulties is crucial. A complete understanding requires a rigorous analysis of the cross-sectional study and its variables. Summarizing data per the hypothesis explains how mother-son ties affect men’s views of women. As proposed by the hypothesis, the study’s findings could improve women’s attitudes and actions through treatment, education, and therapy by altering family dynamics, gender development, and interpersonal interactions theories.
References
Davis, M. H. (1980). INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX (IRI). https://fetzer.org/sites/default/files/images/stories/pdf/selfmeasures/EMPATHY-InterpersonalReactivityIndex.pdf
Hatimy , N. (2022, September). Mothers have a role to play in raising a future husband. The Star. https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/lifestyle/2022-09-25-mothers-have-a-role-to-play-in-raising-a-future-husband/
Jennings, E. A., Axinn, W. G., & Ghimire, D. J. (2012). The Effect of Parents’ Attitudes on Sons’ Marriage Timing. American Sociological Review, 77(6), 923–945. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412464041
Kalpana, M. (2017, July 26). Mother-Son Relationship: Its Importance And Evolution. MomJunction. https://www.momjunction.com/articles/mother-son-relationships_00428471/#:~:text=The%20closeness%20between%20the%20mother
King, L., & King, D. (1993). Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale. SIGMA Assessment Systems. https://www.sigmaassessmentsystems.com/assessments/sex-role-egalitarianism-scale/
Li, M., Gao, Q., & Yu, T. (2023). Kappa statistic considerations in evaluating inter-rater reliability between two raters: which, when and context matters. BMC Cancer, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-023-11325-z
LibreTexts libraries. (2018, July 27). 4.6C: Gender Messages in the Family. Social Sci LibreTexts. https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Introduction_to_Sociology/Sociology_(Boundless)/04%3A_The_Role_of_Socialization/4.06%3A_Gender_Socialization/4.6C%3A_Gender_Messages_in_the_Family
Lombardi, by K. S. (2012). 5 reasons the mother-son relationship is so important. The Worcester Telegram & Gazette. https://www.telegram.com/story/news/2012/05/09/5-reasons-mother-son-relationship/49277121007/
MISHRA, A. (2023, June 6). Mother-Son Relationship: Importance And Benefits of a Healthy Bond. PINKVILLA. https://www.pinkvilla.com/lifestyle/relationships/mother-son-relationship-1224493#:~:text=The%20relationship%20between%20a%20mother
Sasso, M. D. (2021). LibGuides: Quantitative Research Methods: Regression and Correlation. Guides.library.duq.edu. https://guides.library.duq.edu/c.php?g=844215&p=6035786
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