Exposure-Disease Relationship
Dermody and Shiffman (2022) state that cigarette smoking is the predominant risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the United States. Nevertheless, a risk factor does not imply that it is a causative element. Dermody and Shiffman (2022) assert that this phrase often denotes attributes linked to a phenomenon rather than serving as ... Read More
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