Stars and Galaxies

Introduction

Astronomy refers to the observation or study of the solar system, the Sun, and the enormous regions resting outside. According to Chemin (2022), the outer space reviews sent around the solar structure have improved the exploration capacity from blurred photographs to better or high-resolution plotting of the universal bodies plus the moon in the past decades. Moreover, dwarf planets like Vesta, Ceres, and asteroids were mapped and visited. Our solar structure is positioned between 2 branches of a spiral galaxy often named a finger (Orion spur);. At the same time, the midpoint of the Universe is Milky & the space of an enormous black hole is named Sagittarius (Chemin, 2022). A galaxy is an enormous, gravitationally cased or tied system comprising stellar remnants, stars, an interstellar medium form of dust and gas & dark matter, a significant but imperfectly understood element. The term “Galaxy is obtained from the Greek word galaxies referred to as the Milky Way or Milky.

The Galaxy is positioned on the frontier of mycelium strands. That is, say it is the noticeable matter at the planetary level, & tends to cluster in filaments, interconnected by clusters of more excellent material combinations, not dissimilar to the spread of fungous mycelium found in earth’s soil, interspersed by the incidence of “nodes” from there mycelium filaments spread. A vast zone annulled of matter is of specific importance to the Galaxy’s “suburb” (Chemin, 2022).

Understanding the Universe

A galaxy is an enormous, gravitationally cased or tied system comprising stellar remnants, stars, an interstellar medium form of dust and gas & dark matter, a significant but imperfectly understood element. The term “Galaxy is obtained from the Greek word galaxies referred to as the Milky Way or Milky. Examples of these galaxies range from gnomes with as rare as 10,000,000 stars to other giants numbered at 100 trillion stars, each encircling their collections’ focus of mass. Mindfuckuniverse (2012) states that galaxies comprise varying numbers of star clusters, start systems, and different types of interplanetary clouds. Among these things is a short interstellar form of dust, gas & cosmic rays. Enormous black holes exist at the midpoint of every Galaxy. They are assumed to be the principal driver of immense nuclei discovered at the center of a few galaxies. Furthermore, the milky way cluster is recognized to harbor at slightest one of such objects.

According to Lincoln (2012), temperatures were soaring that even accustomed neutrons and atoms protons had not yet existed. However, instead, they were substituted by a whirling maelstrom of matter, energy, and antimatter. Unusual leptons and quarks sparkled temporarily into reality before integration into the energy seas. Lincoln, (2012) books enlighten the captivating world of leptons, quarks & forces that rule their conduct. Explained from an investigational physicist’s viewpoint, though it forgoes mathematical involvedness, using rather specific accessible apt analogies and figures. Mindfuckuniverse (2012) poses questions among humans; What is Life? Why are we here? Where did everything come from? What are humans supposed to do today or now? Coleman (2018) explains the Big Bang as one of the most significant events that have happened in the past, the creation story. He explains the big bang as an expansion that developed from a distinctiveness that was a minute dot that accommodated every atom of matter from now to eternity. This distinctiveness grew to produce a roasting hot outer space millions to billions of loads wide in a snippet of seconds. Almost all the foundations that had ever occurred were created in the 1^st few seconds or minutes of this expansion & this is the ^first aspect of producing life.

How did the Universe begin?

The Big Bang & the birth of the world was an extraordinary event in that all the material in the creation was concerted at a solitary point, whereby temperatures were soaring that even accustomed neutrons and protons of atoms had not yet existed (Lincoln, 2012). But instead, they were substituted by a whirling maelstrom of matter, energy, and antimatter. Unusual leptons and quarks sparkled temporarily into reality before integration into the energy seas. On the other hand, there is robust evidence that the whole Universe started from sub-atomic magnitudes about 13.7 billion ages ago through a violent occurrence called inflation (UC Berkeley events, 2009).

After the big bang, when the world was still beginning in a split second, it experienced an implausible growth spurt, sometimes referred to as inflation, where the Universe became rampantly & doubled in size over 80 times. The space expansion became less dense and more relaxed over time, and matter formed. Once the temperature cooled, light chemical basics were produced in the first 3 minutes while the Universe was forming. With the temperatures cooling, neutrons and protons collide to form deuterium, an element of hydrogen gas. Roughly about 400 million years ago, the big band started to phase out of its dark times, also known as the age of re-ionization. According to Dutfield & Chow (2022), the dark times as a phase that existed for over a billion years but grounded on new remarks; scientists believe that re-ionization could have happened faster than formerly thought. At this time, masses of gas distorted enough to shape the ^first galaxies and stars. The produced ultraviolent sunlit from these active actions emptied & demolished the surrounding unbiassed hydrogen gas. This progression led to the clearing of unclear hydrogen fumes, causing the world to become translucent to ultraviolet lights. All this led to the birth of a solar system estimated after about 9 billion years after the event of the Big Bang. Some experts think the Sun & the solar system was created by a giant, revolving cloud of dust and gas called the solar nebula.

Exploring Stars in Our Galaxy

Stars in our Galaxy are the most primarily documented astronomical items that represent the essential building elements of the Galaxy. The distribution, age, and structure of stars trace the past, dynamic forces & development of the Galaxy. Stars from ancient times are considered signs of hope, forever, heaven, destiny, and freedom. That is to say, stars are essential to individuals, and they believe that falling stars is when one can make their wish. Stars can be described by five fundamental characteristics; color, brightness, surface, mass, temperature, and size.

According to Advexon Science Network (2016), astronomers’ primary strategy to approximate stars in the Galaxy is to discover the entire Galaxy’s mass. Whereby mass is approximated by looking at how the star system rotates plus their variety using spectroscopy. Furthermore, every Galaxy is shifting away from each other, plus their illumination is moved to the red finish of the gamut because it extends out the illumination’s wavelength. The stars are divided into two broad populations such as Population 1 and Population II. Whereby population 1 comprises newer stars, associations, and clusters shaped about 1 million to 1 billion years ago. While population II comprises the oldest detected clusters and stars formed about 1 billion years to 15 billion years ago. The astronomical objects are moderately rich in helium and hydrogen but deprived of elements heftier than helium gas comprising 10 – 100 times fewer than aspects in population one star. Furthermore, through an approach called long-slit spectroscopy, astronomers are the most appropriate instrument used to view the Galaxy through an elongated slit and light deflected using the tool.

There are different types of stars, namely, First solar stars with a similar mass to the Sun & combining hydrogen entering helium at the center. It results in a simple yellowish radiance that symbolizes most stars seen in the sky. Secondly, hot blue stars that are more enormous than the sunburn fiercer though for a short moment, living & disappearing within a short time (years). Thirdly, red dwarf stars are fewer than the Sun burns chiller and stays longer for possibly billions of years. Fourth, red giants’ stars tend to run out of hydrogen gas/ fuel in their center faster and tend to change and find other ways to charge themselves. Lastly, white dwarfs are the size of a sun, and when it burns all their material, it flops into another form of object and is supported mainly by the phenomena of quantum physics instead of its hotness.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Sun plus its likely planetary nebulae forms and systems form an island world of thousands to millions of blissful objects called galaxies. There are different types of galaxies, but most features are elliptical and spiral in nature. The later galaxies are the same as the centers of spiral stars, although without their typical arms. The galaxy & milky Way is forming a spiral kind and shaping a disc that is almost 100,000 years thick and could take many years to cross. Generally, different stars have numerous colors because they have varying temperatures. For example, a particular type of star with a red color is called a carbon star. Carbons in a star environment engross a lot of its blue light, making the star look redder than it usually does because of its temperature.

References

Advexon Science Network. (2016, May 2^nd). Exploring Stars in Our Galaxy – Full documentary. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJV_XTDtKgM

Chemin, Y. H. (2022). Introduction Chapter: Astronomy. In Astronomy and Planetary Science-From Cryovolcanism to Black Holes and Galactic Evolution. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/84338

Dutfield, S. & Chow, D. (2022). The History of the Universe: Big Bang to Now in 10 easy steps. Space.com.https://www.space.com/13320-big-bang-universe-10-steps-explainer.html

Coleman, J. (2018, April 7^th). The 10 Most Important Events In the Universe. Medium. https://jonnathancoleman.medium.com/the-10-most-important-events-in-the-history-of-the-universe-b7df0445841e

Lincoln, D. (2012). Understanding the Universe: from quarks to the Cosmos (Vol. 1). World Scientific. https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8313#t=aboutBook

Mindfuckuniverse. (2102, April 27^th). Understanding the Universe. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_rJKO-ZXeU

UC Berkeley Events. (2009, November 19^th). Segre Lecture: How did the Universe Begin? YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_4bMIqmV9U