Cooley, Erin, and Jazmin Brown-Iannuzzi. “Liberals perceive more racism than conservatives when police shoot Black men—But, reading about White privilege increases perceived racism, and shifts attributions of guilt, regardless of political ideology.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 85 (2019): 103885. https://doi-org.aurarialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103885
This article explores the perception of liberals and conservatives concerning systematic racism through over-policing. For liberals, police brutality toward black Americans was influenced by racism and inequality favoring whites over Blacks (Cooley and Brown-Iannuzzi, p.5). Conservatives had fewer premonitions about racism whenever Police officers attacked black Americans. However, for both liberals and conservatives, the perception of White privilege directly contributed to racist conduct by the police through over-policing (Cooley and Brown-Iannuzzi, p.7). Awareness of systematic racism tends to influence people’s perception when analyzing police-civilian interactions, especially for Black people.
The article becomes useful for researching the issue of over-policing in Texas as it relates to the lesson on White privilege, whereby systematic racism contributes to the criminalization of Blacks. The researchers use a random sample of non-Blacks to study the effect of political ideologies and lessons on privileged races to provide clarity on police-Blacks interactions (Cooley and Brown-Iannuzzi, p.3). The article uses the mediation model through two independent studies to demonstrate that political ideology affiliation contributes to the difference in the perception of racism (Cooley and Brown-Iannuzzi, p.6). The article’s findings also become critical in developing diversity policies for states such as Texas, where over-policing challenges lack much attention from the Whites.
Cummings, Scott L., Law and Social Movements: Reimagining the Progressive Canon (May 11, 2018). Forthcoming in Wisconsin Law Review (2018), UCLA School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 18-17, Available at SSRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=3177207
The article by Scott Cummings seeks to exemplify the role of lawyers in organizing and facilitating the development of social movements essential for reforms. Cummings compares the old canon system with the present one to demonstrate the richness of legal actions in overcoming structural inequalities for minorities (Cummings, p.442). The article emphasizes the impact of lawsuits in developing equality for all persons, including immigrants using specific examples present in US history (Cummings, p.452). Cummings cites weakness in the implementation of laws and the lack of proper strategies by social movements as the major cause of the failure in securing civil human rights (Cummings, 500). Concerning racial inequality, Cummings explains how lawyers influence law enforcement decisions that discriminate against Blacks.
The article benefits research on over-policing in terms of the structural inequality in Texas and how lawyers could advocate for social movements. Cummings explores all the illegality undertaken by police officers and the implication on the discriminated communities (Cummings, p. 488). The stereotyping of Blacks coupled with police brutality in Texas, despite the state harboring a large population of African Americans, benefits from Cummings’ research on the role of social movements in challenging discriminative laws. As highlighted by Cummings, structural weaknesses of equality laws explain the impact of over-policing as a direct effect of systematic racism by law enforcers.
Graham, Amanda, et al. “Race and worrying about police brutality: The hidden injuries of minority status in America.” Victims & Offenders 15.5 (2020): 549-573.https://doi-org.aurarialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/15564886.2020.1767252
Police brutality against minority communities in the US is commonplace given the historical criminal injustice whereby unarmed African Americans have been injured and even killed. According to Graham et al., the racial divide in the US results in different levels of worrying about police brutality in the various ethnic communities (Graham et al., p.560). Among the most affected communities in the US regarding criminal injustice, the Blacks are the most worried, closely followed by Hispanics (Graham et al., p.557). The Whites express little worry about police brutality and over-policing. The authors also highlight that most of the harms caused by police brutality remain hidden from the public and may persist in promoting lasting racial inequalities.
The article establishes the relationship between race and police brutality. Using the ‘worry’ factor of police brutality as the dependent variable and the different racial groups as the independent variables, researchers have been able to explain the challenges faced by the minority communities during over-policing (Graham et al., p.556). Excessive use of force by the police reinforces negative interaction with the Blacks and Hispanics compared to the Whites. The article applies to the over-policing issue in Texas, where police brutality has resulted in the deaths of most African Americans (Graham et al., p.561). Less coverage of minority police victimization cases highlights the challenges of overcoming over-policing in states with Whites majority.
Wilson, Betty L., and Terry A. Wolfer. “Reducing police brutality in African American communities: Potential roles for social workers in congregations.” Social Work and Christianity 47.3 (2020): 66-84. https://doi.org/10.34043/swc.v47i3.153
This article focuses on developing community policing programs that support victims of racial injustice. The increasing brutalization of African Americans in the US has been brought to the limelight through technological advances that have increased surveillance (Wilson and Terry, p.68). The racial trauma developed from structural racism would then require community-based interventions, especially from Black communities, through social workers who can educate, advise, and support the recovery of the victims of police brutality (Wilson and Terry, p.71). The authors have also recommended that other communities, including the Whites, have a role to play in establishing trust and equality between the policy and civilians.
The article demonstrates the impact of police brutality on Black communities such as the one in Texas. Community programs through congregants would benefit states experiencing racial discrimination and the traumatic effects of over-policing (Wilson and Terry, p.76). The authors provide the function of social workers in shaping the conduct and relationship between the police and the Black communities (Wilson and Terry, p.79). Involving the Whites in the campaign against police brutality applies to the Texas scenario whereby the majority white population remains unconcerned with over-policing. As a result, the article would guide policy-making decisions for marginalized communities and the law enforcers in Texas.
Works Cited
Cooley, Erin, and Jazmin Brown-Iannuzzi. “Liberals perceive more racism than conservatives when police shoot Black men—But, reading about White privilege increases perceived racism, and shifts attributions of guilt, regardless of political ideology.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 85 (2019): 103885. https://doi-org.aurarialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103885
Cummings, Scott L., Law and Social Movements: Reimagining the Progressive Canon (May 11, 2018). Forthcoming in Wisconsin Law Review (2018), UCLA School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 18-17, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3177207
Graham, Amanda, et al. “Race and worrying about police brutality: The hidden injuries of minority status in America.” Victims & Offenders 15.5 (2020): 549-573. https://doi-org.aurarialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/15564886.2020.1767252
Wilson, Betty L., and Terry A. Wolfer. “Reducing police brutality in African American communities: Potential roles for social workers in congregations.” Social Work and Christianity 47.3 (2020): 66-84. https://doi.org/10.34043/swc.v47i3.153
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