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Impact of Education on Female Employment Rates in UAE

Introduction

The position of women in Muslim countries has been so pronounced lately, mainly due to the view of Islam as a patriarchal religion (Charrad, 2011). There has been a notable improvement in women’s rights in various Muslim countries. The United Arab Emirates has been in the spotlight mainly as it has opened up to foreign investors and tourists. Despite the gender inequality in other middle east countries, United Arab Emirates remains better than most countries in women’s employment rates.

Other than tourism and foreign investors, it is essential to note that, like any other place, education has played a massive role in women’s employment. Generally, one expects more appreciation of women in society as the literacy level rises. Unlike Iran, U.A.E. has also enjoyed a significant period of peace that has paved the way for women’s empowerment in society. The paper seeks to determine the impact of education on women’s employment in the U.A.E.

Methodology

Women’s employment was relatively low at the beginning of the 21st century, with only about 15% of Emirati women in full-time employment (Abdulla, 2006). However, the proportion has dramatically increased over time, mainly attributed to improved access to education by females (Kemp, 2013). Other than that, literacy in society contributed much to the improvement of female employment rates in the U.A.E.

For analysis, the study uses data from Word Bank and United Arab Emirates government reports. The data will cover 24 years between 1990 and 2014 due to limited historical data in the United Arab Emirates. Some years whose data was not available were also deducted from the study. Further, the data will be cleaned and analyzed using M.S. Excel.

Calculations and Graphs

Table 1

Summary Statistics

Lower secondary completion rate, both sexes (%) Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled I.L.O. estimate)
Mean 73.78366 Mean 36.7269
Standard Error 1.515031 Standard Error 1.232819
Median 74.16902 Median 36.216
Mode #N/A Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 6.942746 Standard Deviation 5.649489
Sample Variance 48.20172 Sample Variance 31.91672
Kurtosis -1.30785 Kurtosis -0.84692
Skewness 0.164485 Skewness 0.45656
Range 22.06016 Range 18.576
Minimum 63.302 Minimum 29.083
Maximum 85.36216 Maximum 47.659
Sum 1549.457 Sum 771.265
Count 21 Count 21

Figure 1

The trend of Lower Secondary Completion Rate per Year
The trend of Lower Secondary Completion Rate per Year

Figure 2

The trend of Female Labor Force Participation Rate per Year
The trend of Female Labor Force Participation Rate per Year

Figure 3

Relationship between Female Labor Force Participation Rate and Lower Secondary Completion Rate
Relationship between Female Labor Force Participation Rate and Lower Secondary Completion Rate

Analysis of Data

On average, 73.8% of the people in the U.A.E. completed lower secondary U.A.E. with a standard error of 1.52%. Over the study period, the completion rate ranged between 63.3% and 85.4%. On the other hand, the proportion of women in employment over the period is 36.7% on average which varies by 1.23%. The labor participation rate among women is between 29.1% and 47.7%.

From figure 1, the completion rate increases from 1990 and peaks between 1995 and 2000—the completion rate further deeps for the next decade to 2010 before it peaked in 2014. Figure 2 shows that the proportion of women in the labor force has been increasing. Further, the line graph shows that the trend was increasing at a higher rate over the last five years of the study.

The scatter plot in figure 3 suggests a weak relationship between lower secondary completion rate and women’s labor participation rate. Further, the calculated correlation coefficient shows no reasonable relationship between the completion rate and women’s employment rate.

Conclusion

The data analysis suggests that more than lower secondary school is needed to explain the increase in women in the labor force. The completion rates are cyclical, with peaks and deeps over the 24-year period. The completion rate may need to be a sufficient measure of literacy level in society as it only encompasses a lower level of education. More sufficient data could lead to different results than what we obtained from the analysis.

References

Charrad, M. M. (2011). Gender in the Middle East: Islam, state, agency. Annual Review of Sociology37, 417-437.

Kemp, L. J. (2013). Progress in female education and employment in the United Arab Emirates towards Millennium Development Goal (3): gender equality. Foresight.

Abdulla, F. (2006). Education and employment among women in the U.A.E. International Higher Education, (45).

World Bank. (2022). United Arab Emirates Education, Labor. https://data.worldbank.org/country/AE.

Appendix

Year Lower secondary completion rate, both sexes (%) Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled I.L.O. estimate)
1990 63.302 29.083
1991 66.4731 29.779
1992 70.4955 30.272
1993 74.169 30.944
1994 82.9134 31.121
1995 83.8111 31.279
1997 80.0785 32.48
2000 85.3622 34.244
2001 83.2061 34.911
2002 77.4135 35.586
2003 75.8841 36.216
2004 78.7621 36.744
2005 76.8783 37.176
2006 76.1945 37.979
2007 66.7628 38.812
2009 66.2452 40.795
2010 66.3172 41.976
2011 70.1539 43.301
2012 65.3997 44.718
2013 67.7155 46.19
2014 71.919 47.659

 

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