Introduction
The heart is a crucial organ that, by pumping blood throughout the circulatory system, is essential in preserving homeostasis within the body. The heart’s mechanical and electrical activity is crucial for its correct operation and is regulated by a number of variables, including temperature and strain (Shuvo et al., 2022). For acquiring insights into the underlying physiological processes and discovering prospective treatment options, it is important to comprehend the effects of temperature and strain on the heart’s activity. Although there is a wealth of information on cardiac physiology, it is still necessary to advance our knowledge of how temperature and strain affect the mechanical and electrical activity of the heart (Shuvo et al., 2022). While other studies have produced mixed results, some have claimed that temperature and strain may affect the heart’s activity (Guo et al., 2022). Furthermore, the majority of the work to far has been on mammalian models, and little is known about how temperature and strain affect the hearts of aquatic species.The Cane Toad (Bufo marinus), an aquatic animal model used in this research, is used to examine how temperature and strain impact the mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. In particular, we postulate that the mechanical and electrical activity of the ventricular cardiac muscle, as assessed by contractile force, would rise with increasing temperature and strain. We will monitor the mechanical and electrical activity of the Cane Toad heart while putting it through a stretch and temperature regimen to see whether our theory is correct. The contractile force, heart rate, and potential action duration will be measured by a force transducer and recorded by a multichannel physiological recording system. In order to ascertain the effects of temperature and strain on the heart’s activity, this research will examine the data using the relevant statistical techniques, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Student’s t-test.The findings of this research may provide light on how temperature and strain affect the mechanical and electrical activity of the heart in a model of an aquatic animal. Understanding the fundamental physiological mechanics of the heart and discovering new therapeutic targets for treating cardiac disorders may both be significantly impacted by this knowledge. Additionally, using an aquatic animal model may provide a distinctive viewpoint on heart physiology, enhancing already known information about mammalian models. Additionally, this research intends to advance our knowledge of how temperature and strain affect the mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. We want to reach significant findings on the underlying physiological processes and prospective treatment targets by meticulously regulating the experimental settings and systematically assessing the results.
Hypothesis
The mechanical and electrical activity of the ventricular heart muscle of the Cane Toad (Bufo marinus), as gauged by contractile force, is predicted to rise with increasing temperature and strain.This theory is predicated on the idea that temperature and tension play important roles in the functioning of the heart muscle. Stretch and temperature have been proven in earlier research to have a major impact on heart function. By subjecting the heart to various temperatures and stretch intervals in an amphibious animal model (the cane toad, Bufo marinus), the experiment will measure the heart’s contractile power, heart rate, and potential action duration. According to the idea, the heart’s contractile force would rise along with temperature and stress as mechanical and electrical activity in the organ increases. By exposing the heart to various temperatures and stretch intervals while monitoring the mechanical and electrical activity of the heart throughout the procedure, this experiment tries to investigate this notion.The analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Student’s t-test will be used in the experiment to assess the data and identify the effects of temperature and strain on the mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. The implications of the experiment’s findings for the hypothesis and the body of cardiac physiology literature will next be examined, along with the study’s shortcomings. Overall, the results of this experiment may provide crucial information on how temperature and pressure affect the mechanical and electrical activity of the heart in an amphibious animal model. We may learn more about the underlying physiological systems and find fresh directions for future study by testing this theory.
Methods and Data Analysis
The Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) ventricular cardiac muscle’s mechanical and electrical activity was examined in this research along with the effects of temperature and stretching. The toad’s heart was exposed in the experiment, and it was submerged in a bath of room-temperature Frog Ringer’s solution. Stretch procedure was followed before temperature protocol: The heart was given five minutes at room temperature to stabilize in the Frog Ringer’s solution. The heart was then put through a series of stretch periods lasting a minute each, ranging from 0% to 20% of its resting length. The heart was then placed in a Frog Ringer’s solution bath that had been pre-cooled to 10°C or pre-heated to 30°C, as appropriate, and left to stabilize for 5 minutes. The identical stretch procedure that was used in the previous stage was then applied to the heart.The heart’s mechanical and electrical activity was monitored throughout the stretching and heating treatment. A force transducer and a multichannel physiological recording system were used to capture variables including contractile force, heart rate, and potential action duration. The toad was sedated to guarantee its wellbeing, and all treatments were carried out to reduce pain and stress. It should be noted that the comments did not specifically mention the sample size for this investigation. To guarantee that the findings are repeatable and statistically significant, it is important to highlight that numerous hearts may need to be examined (Mamenko et al., 2022). To keep the heart and Frog Ringer’s solution at a constant temperature throughout the experiment, careful monitoring was required.To ascertain the effects of temperature and strain on the mechanical and electrical activity of the heart, the experiment’s results were examined using suitable statistical techniques, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Student’s t-test. In order to assure the correctness and dependability of the data, data were extracted, converted where needed, and validated before statistical analysis. The experiment’s findings were evaluated in relation to the theory and the body of cardiac physiology literature. The study’s limitations were acknowledged, and some directions for further research were recommended. To prevent overgeneralizing the findings, it is crucial to recognize the study’s limitations while evaluating the data.
In conclusion, our study shed light on how temperature and strain affect the mechanical and electrical activity of the heart in a model of an amphibian species. Meaningful findings regarding the underlying physiological processes were reached by stringently scrutinizing the data and strictly manipulating the experimental circumstances. The techniques utilized in this work may be replicated by future researchers to look into related research problems using other animal models.
References
Guo, H., Offutt, S. J., Hamilton II, M., Kim, Y., Gloeckner, C. D., Zachs, D. P., … & Lim, H. H. (2022). Ultrasound does not activate but can inhibit in vivo mammalian nerves across various parameters. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1-14. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/s41598-022-05226-7.pdf
Mamenko, M., Lysikova, D. V., Spires, D. R., Tarima, S. S., & Ilatovskaya, D. V. (2022). Practical notes on popular statistical tests in renal physiology. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 323(4), 389-400. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajprenal.00427.2021
Shuvo, I. I., Shah, A., & Dagdeviren, C. (2022). Electronic textile sensors for decoding vital body signals: State‐of‐the‐art review on characterizations and recommendations. Advanced Intelligent Systems, 4(4), 78-102, 2100223. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aisy.202100223
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