The phrase “gender identity” was first used in the 1960s to describe a person’s internal sense of whether they belong to the male or female gender. Over time, this concept has expanded to include individuals who don’t identify as male or female, and it’s now defined as a person’s sense of their own gender, regardless of their biological sex. In the past, the term “transsexual” was used only for people who had undergone medical procedures like genital reassignment surgery, but today it refers to anyone whose gender identity doesn’t match the sex assigned to them at birth, regardless of whether they have had medical procedures or not. Gender identity is an important aspect of a person’s self-concept and is closely related to their sense of self and how they interact with the world around them (Flores et al., 2022). It is therefore imperative for everyone to get a better understanding of the concept of gender identity to unveil and disproof troubling notions surrounding this topic, especially within the transgender and gender non-conforming community. Viewing gender identity within the transgender and gender non-conforming community through a social sciences perspective highlights the intricate interplay between personal and societal influences that shape their experiences. This underscores the importance of adopting a multidisciplinary approach to comprehending and tackling challenges associated with gender identity. This paper explores the concept of gender identity and focuses on individuals in the transgender and gender non-conforming community.
The lens of social science is particularly useful for analyzing gender diversity because it allows us to examine the complex interplay between personal and societal factors that shape individuals’ experiences with gender identity. Social science disciplines such as sociology, psychology, and anthropology have contributed significantly to our understanding of the social and cultural context of gender identity. They have highlighted the role of social structures and institutions, such as the family, education system, and media, in shaping individuals’ understanding of gender and its impact on their lives. Social science research has shown how societal attitudes and beliefs about gender can result in discrimination and marginalization of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. By adopting a social science lens, we can better understand the social, cultural, and historical forces that have contributed to the challenges faced by transgender and gender non-conforming individuals, and develop effective strategies to address them.
The Meaning of Gender Identity
Gender identity refers to a person’s internal sense of their own gender, regardless of their biological sex. It is an important aspect of a person’s self-concept and is closely related to their sense of self and how they interact with the world around them. For most people, their gender identity aligns with the sex assigned to them at birth. However, for some individuals, their gender identity does not align with the sex assigned to them at birth (Flores et al., 2022). These individuals may identify as transgender or gender non-conforming. Transgender individuals are people whose gender identity differs from the sex assigned to them at birth. Gender non-conforming individuals are people who do not conform to traditional gender norms or expectations. This can include people who identify as queer, non-binary, or gender-fluid, among other identities (Flores et al., 2022). While transgender and gender non-conforming identities are often discussed together, it is important to note that they are not the same thing. Transgender individuals may identify as male, female, or another gender entirely, while gender non-conforming individuals may reject the gender binary altogether.
The Importance of Gender Identity
Gender identity is an important aspect of a person’s self-concept and is closely related to their sense of self and how they interact with the world around them. For transgender and gender non-conforming individuals, the process of coming to terms with their gender identity can be a complex and difficult journey. They may face stigma, discrimination, and violence from society at large, as well as from family members, friends, and acquaintances. This can lead to feelings of isolation, depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues (Restar et al., 2021). It is important to recognize that gender identity is not a choice. It is a fundamental aspect of a person’s identity that is shaped by a variety of factors, including biology, culture, and socialization. Research has shown that gender identity is largely determined by biological factors, such as hormones and brain structure, as well as social factors, such as cultural norms and expectations. For transgender and gender non-conforming individuals, understanding and accepting their gender identity is a crucial part of living a healthy and fulfilling life.
According to a study conducted by the Williams Institute at UCLA, an estimated 1.4 million adults in the United States identify as transgender, with younger individuals more likely to identify as such. The percentage of adults identifying as lesbian, gay, or bisexual rose from 3% in 2008-2012 to 4.8% in 2014-2018 (National Academies of Sciences et al., 2020). With 1.6M people age 13+ identifying as transgender in the US (Flores et al., 2022). While society has become more inclusive and accepting of gender identity issues, discrimination, and marginalization still exist, and access to healthcare, employment, and education remain challenges for gender-diverse individuals. This community is diverse in terms of age, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Therefore, being knowledgeable about the issues affecting this community is essential in creating a more inclusive society that respects the dignity and rights of all individuals.
The Role of Social Sciences in Understanding Gender Identity
Research has shown that children learn about gender roles and norms from an early age through interactions with their families and peers, as well as exposure to media messages. These social structures and institutions often reinforce traditional gender norms and expectations, which can be particularly challenging for individuals whose gender identity falls outside of the binary male/female construct. Psychology has focused on how gender identity influences an individual’s mental health and well-being (Newman & Newman, 2020). Studies have shown that individuals who experience gender dysphoria or discomfort with their assigned gender at birth are at higher risk for depression, anxiety, and suicide. Access to gender-affirming healthcare and support from peers and family can play a crucial role in mitigating these risks (Hughto et al., 2022).
Anthropology has contributed to our understanding of the cultural and historical contexts of gender identity, highlighting how gender identity varies across different societies and periods. For example, some cultures have historically recognized and celebrated individuals who identify as a third gender, while others have enforced strict gender binaries. Gender studies, as a discipline, has been particularly instrumental in challenging traditional notions of gender and promoting inclusivity and acceptance of diverse gender identities. Scholars in this field have emphasized the importance of recognizing and valuing non-binary identities and the need for gender-neutral language and policies in all aspects of society.
In addition to these individual disciplines, interdisciplinary approaches to gender identity have become increasingly common in recent years. For example, intersectional feminism recognizes the complex ways in which gender identity intersects with other social identities, such as race, class, and sexuality, and how these intersections can shape an individual’s experiences.
The adoption of a social sciences perspective on gender identity has not only contributed to a better understanding of the experiences of individuals within the transgender and gender non-conforming community but has also informed policies and practices in a range of fields, including healthcare, education, and employment. For instance, research on the experiences of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals in healthcare settings has highlighted the need for more inclusive policies and practices that recognize and affirm diverse gender identities (Newman & Newman, 2020). In education, social sciences research has informed the development of curricula that reflect a more inclusive understanding of gender identity and that challenge traditional gender norms.
Challenges Faced by Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Individuals
Transgender and gender non-conforming individuals face a range of challenges related to their gender identity. These challenges can include discrimination and stigma, limited access to healthcare, employment and housing discrimination, and violence (Hughto et al., 2022). Discrimination and stigma are perhaps the most well-known challenges faced by transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. Transgender and gender non-conforming individuals may face discrimination in a range of settings, including schools, workplaces, and healthcare settings. This discrimination can take many forms, including verbal harassment, physical violence, and exclusion from social and economic opportunities.
Transgender and gender non-conforming individuals also face challenges related to access to healthcare. Many healthcare providers are not trained to provide culturally competent care to transgender and gender non-conforming individuals, leading to limited access to quality care (Girme et al., 2022). This can result in negative health outcomes, including higher rates of HIV/AIDS, depression, and suicide. Employment and housing discrimination are also major challenges faced by transgender and gender non-conforming individuals (Restar et al., 2021). Discrimination in these areas can lead to economic insecurity, homelessness, and poverty. Transgender and gender non-conforming individuals are at increased risk of violence, including hate crimes and domestic violence. According to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, 19% of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals have experienced domestic violence, while 22% have been the victim of a hate crime (United Nations, 2022).
Transgender and gender non-conforming individuals also face a heightened risk of human rights violations when their official documents do not reflect their gender identity or expression. Unfortunately, a significant number of Trans and gender-diverse individuals worldwide lack access to gender recognition by their respective governments. This creates a legal void that perpetuates stigma and discrimination against them (Serpas et al., 2023).
The root causes of violence and discrimination against transgender individuals are often based on preconceived notions of what their gender identity should be, rooted in a binary understanding of male and female or masculine and feminine identities. These harmful acts are driven by deeply entrenched prejudices and stigma, fueled by irrational hatred and a form of gender-based violence that seeks to punish individuals who defy gender norms.
Addressing Challenges Faced by Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Individuals
To effectively address the challenges faced by transgender and gender non-conforming individuals, a multifaceted approach that includes policy changes, education, and advocacy is necessary. These approaches aim to tackle the pervasive discrimination and stigma that are often associated with individuals who identify as transgender or gender non-conforming. Policy changes are a crucial aspect of addressing the challenges faced by these individuals. In many cases, discriminatory laws and regulations that prohibit individuals from accessing healthcare, employment, and housing based on their gender identity are still in place (Hughto et al., 2022). By amending these laws and regulations, and ensuring that they provide for the protection of the rights of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals, the government can make a significant impact on the lives of these individuals. Moreover, policy changes can help to ensure that transgender and gender non-conforming individuals have access to healthcare services that are essential to their well-being. This can be done through the expansion of health insurance programs to cover gender-affirming treatments such as hormone therapy and gender-confirmation surgery.
Education is another critical component of addressing the challenges faced by transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. Training healthcare providers, employers, and educators on how to provide culturally competent care and create inclusive environments is essential to ensure that these individuals receive the support and care that they need (Serpas et al., 2023). This includes providing education on the importance of using gender-affirming language, respecting individuals’ pronouns, and creating a safe and inclusive space for transgender and gender-non-conforming individuals. Education can also help to raise awareness about the challenges faced by transgender and gender non-conforming individuals, which can help to reduce discrimination and stigma.
Advocacy is an essential strategy for addressing the challenges faced by transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. Advocacy can take many forms, including supporting organizations that provide services to these individuals, advocating for policy changes, and increasing funding for research and services (Restar et al., 2021). Organizations such as the Human Rights Campaign and the National Center for Transgender Equality are dedicated to advocating for the rights of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. These organizations work to promote policies that protect the rights of these individuals and provide education and resources to support their well-being.
In addition to these approaches, it is also important to recognize the intersectionality of issues that transgender and gender non-conforming individuals face. Many individuals who identify as transgender or gender non-conforming may also experience discrimination based on their race, ethnicity, disability, or other factors. Therefore, any approach to addressing the challenges faced by these individuals must be mindful of the unique experiences and challenges faced by individuals at the intersections of multiple marginalized identities.
Critical analysis
Constructive engagement requires addressing potential obstacles that may interfere with productive conversation and identifying outcomes that could influence societal conversations about diversity. Two significant factors affecting engagement with gender identity and exploration are societal norms and individual beliefs. Societal norms often dictate what is considered acceptable behavior, and those who do not conform to these norms may face discrimination or marginalization (Newman & Newman, 2020). Individual beliefs about gender and sexuality also play a crucial role in shaping perceptions and conversations about gender identity and exploration.
One potential obstacle that could interfere with engagement with gender diversity is a need for more understanding and empathy. Many individuals may struggle to understand the experiences of those who identify as transgender or gender non-conforming, leading to dismissive or harmful attitudes (Myint & Finelli, 2020). This may be a result of the environment they have been raised, in which they believe in the existence of only two genders. Societal norms and individual beliefs may prevent individuals from acknowledging the validity of gender identity and exploration, further hindering constructive conversation (Flores et al., 2022).
Constructive engagement with the topic of gender identity and exploration could lead to an increased critical awareness of diversity and greater acceptance of individuals who identify as transgender or gender non-conforming. This could be achieved through increased education, awareness-raising efforts, and a greater willingness to challenge societal norms and individual beliefs perpetuating discrimination and marginalization.
By promoting constructive engagement and critical awareness of diversity, ideas for more transformative engagement could impact how society talks about the topic of gender identity and exploration. This could lead to greater acceptance, understanding, and support for the transgender and gender non-conforming community. It could also increase advocacy efforts and policy changes to address discrimination and marginalization. These efforts could help create a more inclusive and equitable society for all individuals, regardless of gender identity or expression.
Reflection
My experience with gender identity would have been different had I used other general education lenses, such as the ethical or scientific lens, to analyze the topic of gender identity. For example, from an ethical perspective, I might have examined the moral implications of denying individuals the right to express their gender identity or the impact of social stigmatization on their mental health. Gender identity is a deeply personal aspect of one’s identity, and everyone should have the right to express themselves authentically (Moleiro & Pinto, 2015). Denying individuals the right to express their gender identity can cause significant harm, including psychological distress, social isolation, and a decreased quality of life. From a scientific lens, I might have examined the biology behind gender identity and how it differs from sex or how hormones can impact gender identity.
Critically analyzing diversity adds value to my interactions with people in various contexts. For example, it has helped me develop empathy and respect for everyone, regardless of their identity. Critically analyzing gender identity can help individuals avoid harmful stereotypes and assumptions about people based on gender. It can also help an individual understand and value gender identity, thus improving their communication skills and allowing them to work collaboratively with others (Hager, 2014). It can help individuals better understand and respect the perspectives and experiences of people from different gender identities and work effectively with them (Flores et al., 2022). By recognizing and challenging my biases and assumptions, I have better understood and appreciated the diversity of human experiences. For example, in my conversations, I am now aware of the diversity of gender identities, which helps me avoid making assumptions about someone’s gender and use appropriate pronouns. This has led to more meaningful and respectful conversations, especially for transgender and gender non-conforming individuals who may not always feel seen and heard.
This course has helped me understand the role of diversity in society by providing a comprehensive framework for analyzing diversity from multiple perspectives, including social, cultural, and historical contexts. I have gained a deeper understanding of concepts such as privilege, intersectionality, and the impact of bias on individuals and society. As a result, I am more aware of the diverse experiences and perspectives of those around me and better equipped to engage in critical conversations about diversity and equity.
Critically analyzing diversity has positively impacted my personal and professional life by promoting inclusivity, respect, and empathy. Examining our biases and assumptions can create more equitable and inclusive environments for all individuals. This course has helped me gain a deeper understanding of the role of diversity in society, and I look forward to continuing to apply these critical analysis skills in my personal and professional life.
References
Flores, A., Herman, J., Gates, G., & Brown, T. (2022, June). How many adults identify as transgender in the United States? Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/trans-adults-united-states/
Girme, Y. U., Sibley, C. G., Hadden, B. W., Schmitt, M. T., & Hunger, J. M. (2022). Unsupported and Stigmatized? The Association Between Relationship Status and Well-Being Is Mediated by Social Support and Social Discrimination. Social psychological and personality science, 13(2), 425–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211030102
Hager, A. (2014). Supporting Gender Identity: A Beginner’s Guide for Friends, Family, and University Staff | my USF. Myusf.usfca.edu. https://myusf.usfca.edu/caps/supporting-gender-identity
Hughto, J. M. W., Meyers, D. J., Mimiaga, M. J., Reisner, S. L., & Cahill, S. (2022). Uncertainty and Confusion Regarding Transgender Non-discrimination Policies: Implications for the Mental Health of Transgender Americans. Sexuality research & social policy: journal of NSRC: SR & SP, 19(3), 1069–1079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00602-w
Moleiro, C., & Pinto, N. (2015). Sexual orientation and gender identity: a review of concepts, controversies and their relation to psychopathology classification systems. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1511). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01511
Myint, M. T., & Finelli, J. (2020). Gender Diversity in Children. Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development, pp. 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23666-3
National Academies of Sciences, E., Education, D. of B. and S. S. and, Population, C. on, Populations, C. on U. the W.-B. of S. and G. D., White, J., Sepúlveda, M.-J., & Patterson, C. J. (2020). Demography and Public Attitudes of Sexual and Gender Diverse Populations. In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK566077/
Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2020). Psychosocial theories. Theories of Adolescent Development, 149–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815450-2.00006-1
Restar, A., Jin, H., & Operario, D. (2021). Gender-Inclusive and Gender-Specific Approaches in Trans Health Research. Transgender health, 6(5), 235–239. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0054
Serpas, D. G., Gabbidon, K., Chenneville, T., & Salinas-Miranda, A. A. (2023). Family, neighborhood, and community support in promoting identity development among LGBTQ youth of color. Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Health, 537–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00160-6
United Nations. (2022). The struggle of trans and gender-diverse persons. OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/ie-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/struggle-trans-and-gender-diverse-persons
Wamsley, L. (2021, June 2). A guide to gender identity terms. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/06/02/996319297/gender-identity-pronouns-expression-guide-lgbtq
write