Introduction
Using biological theories, this paper will explore the correlation between work status and property crimes in America. This analysis seeks to demonstrate and critically analyze the application of the principles of biological theories in terms of whether individual characteristics, mainly those related to biology, can help or contribute towards explaining property crime taking place depending on employment situations.
Summary of Biological Theories
Biological explanations about crime represent a positivistic paradigm of its determinants such that behavioral characteristics, including criminal conduct, are controlled by humanly disabled factors. The earliest physical traits theories, physiognomy, and phrenology, argued that criminal characteristics could be derived from observing any individual’s traits. Evolutionary approaches to maintaining human traits and characteristics examine positivism, statistics, heredity, and evolution covered in their theory (Iresearchnet n.d). The research explored body physique, hereditary factors, biochemical mechanisms, brain anatomy, and biosocial approaches to enhancing knowledge of criminal behavior.
Biological theories of criminal behavior describe biological aspects that have serious implications in forming human behavior. Such theories cover perspectives based on genetics, neuroscience, and biochemistry and how these inborn traits may pave the way to criminal behavior among an individual (Iresearchnet n.d). It is believed that genetic predispositions, abnormalities of the brain, and hormonal imbalances were associated with a criminal propensity from an early age.
Application of Biological Theories to Property Crimes
Positive Correlation
Chen and Zhong (2021) and Ha et al. (2020) found a positive correlation between unemployment and property crimes. Regarding biological theories, the feeling of frustration and anger can make those who become unemployed start to resort to criminal activities to obtain sources for economic gain. This matches the view of economic alterations adversely influencing the availability of criminal objects that can eventually have both short-term and long-term outcomes.
Negative Correlation
Contrastingly, Bianchi and Chen (2022) propose that employment reduces the targets for property crimes except when combined with specific social environments. This result clashes with the direct positive connection between unemployment and home crimes and implies an interaction between employment and social aspects, possibly as a moderator of criminal propensity. On the other hand, biological theories may not provide a complete insight into the connection between employment status and property crime.
Variances and Complexity
The studies of Fernández-Molina and Gutiérrez (2020), Smith et al. (2022), and Van Koppen et al. (2022) suggest that economic realities do not have a significant effect compared to gender equalization on crime rates. It seems, however, to be problematic from the point of view that it brings about a rather simplistic biological explanation of how unemployment causes crime. Similarly, Van Koppen et al. (2022) found a 10% increase in the rates of crime offenses by business people, interested buyers, and concerns about employed individual kindles. This complexity implies that biological theories alone cannot describe the exact relationship between latent print and its prey.
Justifying the Application or Rejection of Biological Theories
Concerning situations where property crimes are correlated positively with unemployment, biological theorists agree that feelings of frustration and intentions to represent a requirement for economic goals may serve as factors driving criminal behavior. When the negative impacts on employment can be linked to the decrease in property crimes or where it has no significant economic effect on changes to human behavior, biological theories might not work well.
Critical Analysis of Biological Theories
The biological theories concerning property crimes and employment status undertaken for critical analysis should take note of the limitations attached to these theories and address biases as well (Bianchi & Chen, 2022). Although the investigation indicates correlations, bio-deterministic theories representing biological theory miss the possibility of environmental, social, and cultural factors affecting criminal behavior.
Environmental and Social Factors
Biological theories often focus on individual traits and genetics, neglecting the impact of environmental stressors and social circumstances. Smith et al. (2022) highlight how violent crimes are related to housing costs, community stressors, and median income levels. This underlines the need to consider wider social offenders other than individual biological factors.
Cultural and Economic Context
Fernández-Molina and Gutiérrez (2020) suggest that economic conditions have little or no impact on crime rates vis a vis gender-based equality. This questions the universality of biological accounts, shaping the realization that other phenomena should be addressed alongside culture and economics before judging criminal behaviors. Economic variables can appear too broad a concept since it might oversimplify what constitutes a complex dynamic between boards contributing to property crimes in Stockholm.
Ethical Considerations
The utilization of biological theories to generate criminal activity is an ethical issue, particularly if people start seeing some individuals as victims and discriminate against them (Iresearchnet, n.d.). Applying genetic explanations to connect unemployment obsession with criminal inclinations serves to facilitate discrimination and whose accounts only work to the brand of society. A critical evaluation must consider how guilty pleas can work within the criminal justice system to fit biological rationales.
Conclusion
To sum up, a biological theory is complex and diverse because it can help American citizens understand the connection between employment status and property crime. Despite the possible correlations mentioned in some studies, critical analysis shows how such correlations can rotate and underline resonance among environmentally socially acceptable variants that could be viewed as cultural. Biological theories shed light but should be diagrammed into a more comprehensive framework for necessary views of criminal behavior. Ethics in terms of ethical treatments and interdisciplinary methods are at the center stage because, without them or similar solutions, further research is impossible to take away. It will only lead to a narrow understanding of this fact; other issues are worth mentioning.
References
Bianchi, G., & Chen, Y. (2022). Testing effects of hospitality employment on property crime in the United States. Tourism Economics, 28(6), 1545-1565. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166211001180
Chen, X., & Zhong, H. (2021). Development and crime drop: A time-series analysis of crime rates in Hong Kong in the last three decades. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 65(4), 409-433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X20969946
Fernández-Molina, E., & Bartolomé Gutiérrez, R. (2020). Juvenile crime drop: What is happening with youth in Spain and why? European Journal of Criminology, 17(3), 306-331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370818792383
Ha, O. K., Andresen, M. A., & Davies, G. (2020). The temporal (in) stability of the unemployment and crime relationship. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 64(8), 840-859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X19896454
Iresearchnet. (n.d.). Biological Theories of Crime – Criminology Theories – IResearchNet. Criminal Justice. https://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/criminology-theories/biological-theories-of-crime/
Smith, S., Ferguson, C. J., & Henderson, H. (2022). An Exploratory Study of Environmental Stress in Four High Violent Crime Cities: What Sets Them Apart? Crime & Delinquency, 68(11), 2092-2114. https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287211057858
Van Koppen, V., van der Geest, V., Kleemans, E., & Kruisbergen, E. (2022). Employment and crime: A longitudinal follow-up of organized crime offenders. European Journal of Criminology, 19(5), 1097-1121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370820941287
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