The Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2020, December 13). What is juvenile justice? The Annie E. Casey Foundation. Retrieved May 18, 2022, from https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-justice
This credible source by The Annie E. Casey Foundation notes that the juvenile correctional system’s stated objective is to enable the youth to avoid future criminality and evolve into law-abiding citizens. It says that the juvenile correction system has always safeguarded the privacy of court-involved minors. Recent statistics for 2018, the figures available indicate that almost 750,000 youngsters were reported to juvenile courts across the Country for delinquent crimes that violated the penal law, and another 101,000 for minor infractions.
The phases of the youth justice system covered in this article are delinquency conduct, reference, intake/ diversion, (transfer/ waiver, incarceration, adjudication, disposition, juvenile rehabilitation, and recovery. The data is communicated easily and efficiently, making it a good source.
Muniz, C. N. (2015, December). Juvenile Justice. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 18, 2022, from https://fam.state.gov/
Authored by Caitlyn Muniz, this article tells us about the origin of the juvenile correctional system by explaining how youngsters were once thought of as small adults who did not need protection and direction. The article claims that a youngster had a job immediately as they could work. Most kids were sent as apprentices to acquire skills when they were seven years old. Because there was no sex or age division in a household, everyone mixed. The article informs us that at an early age, children were exposed to alcohol, vulgarity, and even sex; these small adults would even go to pubs and brothels without creating an alarm. Legal structures to safeguard or penalize kids would have been considered unneeded due to children’s full incorporation into the community at such an early age.
People started to look at children differently in the 17th century. According to Puritans who landed in the New World, children are required to be shaped and regulated before becoming grownups. It wasn’t an issue of if a parent should physically discipline a child, but rather when should parents start flogging their kids. Stocks and other public penalties were also broadly applied. People believed it was the role of society to transform youngsters into productive citizens. Still, if the community failed to do so, the kid was regarded as an adult criminal. The article concludes by informing us how Juvenile Justice was introduced in later years.
Gottesman, D., & Schwarz, S. (2011, July). Juvenile Justice in the U.S. National Centre for Children in Poverty. Retrieved May 18, 2022, from https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/all/cusersusernamedocumentsfile-folder-name/3c43589c-b582-433b-99ea-cfe3e1b2a270
According to this study, the prefrontal cortex, which is important for executive function and logical thinking, does not fully mature until the mid-twenties. According to the findings, because their brains have not fully developed, teenagers’ decision-making and cognitive techniques vary from those of grownups. According to the report, adolescents take more risks and are more susceptible to peer pressure than adults. The article states that these seemingly insignificant distinctions may contribute to actions that lead to contact with the juvenile justice system. Other risk factors for adolescents encountering the juvenile court system include cognitive deficiencies, limited school attendance, poverty, and being a runaway.
The report demonstrates how the rate of adolescent arrests changes depending on the type of offense. It further adds that in 2008, female offenders accounted for a higher percentage of juvenile incarcerations than in 1999. The large percentage of minors apprehended were African-American, even though African-Americans made up only 16 percent of the juvenile population in the Country. According to the article, restructuring efforts should focus more on increasing adolescent access to mental health treatments, better satisfy the requirements of young people involved in the juvenile justice system, and developing viable alternatives to existing residential confinement institutions. Appropriate treatment and correctional services can help many youths currently in the juvenile system become healthy and productive members of society.
The report concludes by noting the absence of well-designed society solutions or cash to sustain them and dependence on referrals from youth court to adult criminal court. It also suggests focusing on the requirements of young offenders, improving residential facility services, and encouraging community-based options.
Javdani, S. (2019). Critical issues for youth involved in the Juvenile Justice System: Innovations in prevention, Intervention, and policy. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 47(2), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2019.1575564
This article involves the subject issue and provides a focused overview of previous and current patterns in the mitigation, management, and development of solutions to juveniles embroiled in the juvenile justice system. This growth has been fueled by frequently overlooked ideological preconceptions that compromise individual-level problem interpretations, a trend of victimization inclinations notwithstanding the workforce that is progressively trained in evaluating circumstances, and a framework whose restorative obligation conflicts with the societal needs to keep the youth system involved to maintain itself and its frameworks. Furthermore, current trends point to initiatives to shift blame away from individual youth and their households while ignoring the larger socio-political environment of mass imprisonment, which has unfairly disenfranchised those same households.
Trépanier, J. (2018). The roots and development of Juvenile Justice: An international overview. Youth and Justice in the Western States, 1815-1950, 17–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66245-9_2
Beginning in the 1800s and later into the first decade of the twenty-first, this article provides a comprehensive overview of juvenile justice, including its origins, birth, and development. It demonstrates how, in the case of children, the legal system transitioned from a punishment-oriented to a welfare-oriented approach between 1815 and 1950. The three decades beginning in the 1960s are then described, which can be seen as a transitional period throughout which certain countries stressed the welfare model while others criticized it. Finally, the arguments and reforms of the last quarter-century are brought up, which caused several key countries—but not all—to loosen the lines dividing juvenile and adult judicial systems.
Pieterse, D., Kim, B. K., Klomhaus, A., Comulada, W. S., López, S. A., Bath, E., Amani, B., Myers, B., Semaan, A., & Milburn, N. G. (2022). PTSD among families of juvenile justice-involved youth: Relation to mental, emotional, and behavioral health problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02302-4
Although research has shown trauma episodes and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) amongst young offenders and justice-involved adolescents, little is documented regarding their parents’ trauma and PTSD. This paper investigates the relationship between youth PTSD and parental PTSD and psychological problems (e.g., anxiety, sadness), mood control, and substance use in adolescents. The information comes from a benchmark sample of 149 adolescent-parent dyads selected from the California State Juvenile Court System to effectively evaluate export/strive, a family-based solution for youngsters and their parents or carers. The program’s goal was to lessen the individual and interpersonal issues that kids describe when they leave confined environments.
The psychological problems, mood control, and substance use of adolescents both with and without PTSD and teenagers with and without PTSD parents were contrasted. The findings show that both adolescents and parents are exposed to traumatic events at a high rate. There are strong connections between juvenile psychological problems, emotional control, and young PTSD, but not parental PTSD. Whereas caregiver’s PTSD was not strongly tied to youth challenges, due to high rates of trauma and PTSD among caregivers of young offenders, family interventions aimed at these youngsters should more consider the effects parental trauma may have on intervention interaction and efficiency.
Petkus, A. A., Sullivan, C. J., Lugo, M., & Newsome, J. (2021). The impact of risk assessment on juvenile justice decision-making and new adjudication: An analysis of usage and outcome. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 20(2), 139-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/15412040211061270
JRNAs (juvenile risk and needs assessments) have been the subject of substantial scholarly study. Prior research has mostly studied the relationship between risk and reoffending and proven predictive value in adolescent populations. The application of risk and need evaluation, particularly how such instruments are utilized to inform decision-making, has received less attention. This research assessed dispositional and diagnosis decisions related to the Ohio Youth Assessment System using data from 3,034 adolescents from a multi-state survey (OYAS). Mediation studies were used to see if existing practices matched up with underlying principles and concepts about the role of evaluations in juvenile justice. The results show a wide range of connections between evaluation scores, case outcomes, and recidivism. While danger was linked to recidivism overall, research findings show that youth risk and need evaluations are used irregularly to guide care coordination and placement decisions. There are also consequences for future research.
write